Alexander Rofé, «Defilement of Virgins in Biblical Law and the Case of Dinah (Genesis 34)», Vol. 86 (2005) 369-375
Seduction or rape of a virgin in the Biblical milieu did not signify her being
defiled. The Hebrew verb t-imme) (to defile) applied to married or betrothed
women only. The case of Dinah is an exception. In Genesis 34, it is stated three
times that Jacob’s daughter was defiled by Shechem (vv. 5.13.27). A plausible
explanation of this state of affairs is that Genesis 34 reflects the late, postexilic
notion that the idolatrous gentiles are impure which implies the prohibition of
intermarriage and intercourse with them (Ezra 9, 11-12). The concept of the
impurity of idolaters persisted in post-biblical literature. Thus, the assertion that
Dinah was defiled by Shechem betrays a late date of composition in respect of
this story. This confirms Kuenen’s hypothesis that Genesis 34 in its present form
is a late chapter, containing an anti-Samaritan polemic which originated in the
Restoration Community of the Fifth-Fourth centuries BCE.
472 Gert T.M. Prinsloo
brother and Yahweh leads to a real experience of being at-centre.
Psalm 133 in many respects picks up the themes of Psalm 121, but in
antithetical manner. In 121 the poet ascends to Jerusalem in the midst
of danger, expecting the protection of YHWH. In 133 the blessing of
YHWH descends upon his people living in harmony (62).
The final poem in the collection (Psalm 134) contains the most
vivid description of being at-centre, in the presence of Yahweh, in
positive concrete and abstract space. The “servants of Yahweh†(1b)
who stand “at night†in his “house†(1c) can “praise†him (1a) and
conversely experience his blessing “from Zion†(3a) (63). The poem
stands in stark contrast to the complete negative tone of Psalm 120.
Space has been recreated through the physical experience of ascending
to Jerusalem and the emotional experience of ascending to YHWH
from negative to positive space, from off-centre to at-centre. The
“servants of YHWH†learned an important lesson: “…dass der
segnende Gott, allen sozialen und politischen Widerwärtigkeiten zum
Trotz, mitten unter ihnen da ist und auf der Seite der Seinen steht†(64).
The last triad of poems focuses on concrete space. Jerusalem is
YHWH’s dwelling place (Psalm 132) from where he blesses his
people living in harmony (Psalm 133) in order for them to constantly
sing his praise (Psalm 134). Jerusalem is the ultimate destiny of those
who struggle under oppression and are in exile (Psalm 120).
2. The concept of “space†and the “story†of the twl[mh yryv
The twl[mh yryv tells a (spatial) story with a sad beginning (Ps 120)
and a happy ending (Ps 134), a story of suffering, ridicule and
contempt, but also of happiness, prosperity and contentment.
The story begins in distress and despair, containing the haunting
cry for salvation of an exile living amongst people of lying lips and a
deceitful tongue (Ps 120). The petitioner then ascends from his despair
and moves towards a new destination, fully aware of the protective
presence of YHWH (Ps 121). He reaches his destination —
Jerusalem/Zion. There, amongst the symbols of political and religious
(62) MITCHELL, Message, 124; HUNTER, Psalms, 227.
(63) ZENGER, Morgenröte, 141-144 indicates that the cultic situation of the
little poem might well be the blessing of the people at the closing festivities of a
pilgrimage festival. The priests are blessing them before they depart for home.
The poem contains allusions to the priestly blessing in Num 6,24-26 (cf. also
SEYBOLD, Psalmen, 501; MITCHELL, Message, 124).
(64) ZENGER, Morgenröte, 143; cf. also HUNTER, Psalms, 228.