Alexander Rofé, «Defilement of Virgins in Biblical Law and the Case of Dinah (Genesis 34)», Vol. 86 (2005) 369-375
Seduction or rape of a virgin in the Biblical milieu did not signify her being
defiled. The Hebrew verb t-imme) (to defile) applied to married or betrothed
women only. The case of Dinah is an exception. In Genesis 34, it is stated three
times that Jacob’s daughter was defiled by Shechem (vv. 5.13.27). A plausible
explanation of this state of affairs is that Genesis 34 reflects the late, postexilic
notion that the idolatrous gentiles are impure which implies the prohibition of
intermarriage and intercourse with them (Ezra 9, 11-12). The concept of the
impurity of idolaters persisted in post-biblical literature. Thus, the assertion that
Dinah was defiled by Shechem betrays a late date of composition in respect of
this story. This confirms Kuenen’s hypothesis that Genesis 34 in its present form
is a late chapter, containing an anti-Samaritan polemic which originated in the
Restoration Community of the Fifth-Fourth centuries BCE.
474 Gert T.M. Prinsloo
THE SPATIAL STORY LINE OF PSALMS 120–134
“µymvâ€
µymv
acn dry
ˆwyx
˚cm µyrh y tyb ˆwyxArh tyb ˆwyx µwqm ˆwmrj y tyb
rdq µlvwry µlvwry ry[ twgkvm yrrh ˆwyx
r[v hfwgm ˆwyx
bvwm
ˆwyx
ˆwyx
µlvwry
“lwav†“lwavâ€
3. The ideology of space in Psalms 120–134
The discussion above traced the spatial story line of Psalms
120–134. It has largely been a “mapping†of physical (“firstspaceâ€)
and imagined (“secondspaceâ€) space in these poems. Aspects of
“thirdspace†still need attention. What ideology is discernable in the
description of space in the twl[mh yryv? Who is speaking to whom?
When are they speaking? There are no clearcut answers, but there are
a number of important hints when the poems are regarded as a unity in
the context of Book V of the Psalter.
The self-presentation of the poet (s) is the first hint. Almost every
poem in the collection speaks of hardship, enmity, and suffering. The
poet is “in distress†(120,1), at the mercy of “lying lips†and a
“deceitful tongue†(120,2), amongst “those who hate peace†(120,6).
He is in peril (121), endures the “contempt†(123,3) of the “proud†and
“arrogant†(123,4). He fully identifies with the calamities experienced
by Israel (124) and prays for her protection (125). He remembers her
salvation with joy (126) and expects blessing from Zion (128). He
experiences suffering together with his people (129) and prays for her
forgiveness (130). He finds peace in the arms of YHWH (131),
knowing that blessing can come only from one source, the political
and religious authority bestowed upon Jerusalem and the Davidic
(Messianic) dynasty (132). He expects blessing only when “brothers
live together in unity†(133) and finds fulfilment in the temple (134).
He identifies with those who are “peace-loving†(120,7), rejoices in a
pilgrimage to the “house of YHWH†(122,1) and regards himself as a