S.W. Flynn, «Where Is YHWH in Isaiah 57,14-15?», Vol. 87 (2006) 358-370
This study suggests a reading of Isaiah 57, 14-15 in the Hebrew Bible which goes
against the theological Tendenz of some Versions and the interpretation of some
contemporary scholars. It explores how both the Versions and contemporary
scholarship have interpreted the passage, draws a parallel between the two
interpretations, and suggests that their either/or distinction of what the passage
means may not reflect the complex nature of sacred space and Divine Presence in
the BH. This study suggests that the text holds two meanings that are
complementary. Yet these meanings are placed in a respective foreground and
background which reveals their levels of emphasis intended by the
author/redactor of Trito-Isaiah.
Where Is YHWH in Isaiah 57,14-15? (1)
Questions like the one in the above title may be asked of many texts in
the BH since there is not one, sustained Israelite vision of where
Divine Presence is perceived to be (2). Similarly, in Trito-Isaiah 57,14-
15, it is not clear where the author/redactor envisions YHWH’s
dwelling. The text describes YHWH as high and lifted up, dwelling
forever and having a holy name but also dwelling high and with the
crushed and dejected for the purpose of reviving their spirits and
hearts. Due to confusion in the Hebrew regarding the relationship
between where YHWH dwells and YHWH’s relationship with the
marginalized, the interpretive question arises: does this post-exilic
author/redactor represent YHWH in the earthly temple expressing an
immanent YHWH or in the heavenly temple expressing a transcendent
YHWH?
Many of the Versions’ Tendenz (3) — evident in their translational
decisions — interpret Trito-Isaiah speaking of a transcendent rather
than immanent YHWH. Curiously, the general scholarly consensus
parallels the interpretation of the Versions. Yet as the Versions
struggled with translation, modern scholarship also shows slight
disagreement in where YHWH dwells. Thus, we have a text that is
unclear about where YHWH dwells, deals with a theological concept
of great importance for the Israelites and leads to confusion in ancient
(1) I would like to thank Craig Broyles for commenting on an earlier draft of
this paper with patience and encouragement as well as the efforts of the editorial
team at Biblica. Any mistakes that remain are of course, my own.
(2) The continual challenge for the Israelites’ theological expressions of
where YHWH dwells has been studied by T. METTINGER, The Dethronement of
Sabaoth. Studies in the Shem and Kabod Theologies (CBOT Series 18; Lund
1982). He outlines the three major theologies of YHWH’s dwelling in the HB and
suggests that Shem and Kabod are adaptations or challenges to the YHWH
Sabaoth theology in order to deal with the increasing threat of Exile.
(3) Septuagint studies seems to be leading in the theological Tendenz
discussions. Consider works such as R.L. TROXEL, “Exegesis and Theology in the
LXX: Isaiah V 26-30â€, VT 43 (1993) 102-111. S. PACE, “The Stratigraphy of the
Text of Daniel and the Question of Theological Tendenz in the Old Greekâ€,
BIOSCS 17 (1984) 15-35; J. OLLEY, “The Translator of the Septuagint of Isaiah
and Righteousnessâ€, BIOSCS 13 (1980) 58-74. D.A. BAER, When We All Go
Home. Translation and Theology in LXX Isaiah 56–66 (Sheffield 2001).