AnCiEnT rHETOriC AS A GUiDE TO LiTErAry DEPEnDEnCE 231 Gospel in a way that repeatedly emphasizes Jesus’ authority 25. Accord- ing to the 2GH, mark adapts Luke in ways that underscore that author- ity. There are two major additions to this end. First, mark adds in v. 41 the opening phrase: “and having sat down, opposite the Temple treasury” (kai. kaqi,saj kate,nanti tou/ gazofulaki,ou). This phrase, which announces Jesus’ presence, contains an alliteration (kai. kaqi,saj kate,nanti) which draws further attention to Jesus. According to marcus the image of being “seated” connotes authority in some Jewish contexts 26. A second major addition underscores Jesus’ authority and high- lights mark’s special interest in discipleship. in v. 43 mark embellishes the simple introductory formula “he said” (ei=pen, Luke 21,3) into an elaborate phrase: “and having called his disciples, he said to them” (kai. proskalesa,menoj tou.j maqhta.j auvtou/ ei=pen auvtoi/j). Adding this phrase underlines Jesus’ presence and his authority to teach; it also highlights the importance of the disciples paying attention to him. 2. Contrasting the Rich and Poor As often asserted by those who favor the 2GH, mark recasts Luke theologically. in the pericope under consideration, mark adds expres- sive elements which highlight his all-important propositio: to contrast the actions of the rich with those of the poor widow. First, mark re- places Luke’s phrase, “he saw them putting into the Temple Treasury the gifts of their wealth” (ei=den tou.j ba,llontaj eivj to. gazofula,kion ta. dw/ra auvtw/n plousi,ouj [21,1]), with a more vivid phrase: “He was watching how the crowd was putting money [lit. copper] into the Tem- ple Treasury” (evqew,rei pw/j o` o;cloj ba,llei calko.n eivj to. gazofula,kion [12,41]). The use of the imperfect tense (evqew,rei) and of the phrase “how the crowd (pw/j o` o;cloj)” slow down and stretch out the scene 25 GUnDry, Mark, 5-10. On p. 728 he notes how mark’s opening phrase (12,41) affords a transition from the preceding pericope. 26 mArCUS, Mark 8–16, 860. mark’s insertion of “opposite the Temple Treasury” might aim to foster redundancy or duality by the repetition of to. gazofula,kion (from Luke 21,1). Why might mark have replaced Luke’s open- ing phrase avnable,yaj de. ei=den? Perhaps the phrase “sitting down” was thought to render clumsy the immediately following phrase “looking up”, and so mark re- moved the latter (even though Luke provides a ready-made example of duality, i.e., “having looked up, he saw”, which mark ought to favour). mark might have substituted a near synonymous word, evqew,rei (“he was watching”) for Luke’s ei=den (“he saw”), in order to convey the notion of Jesus “considering” or “contemplat- ing” (LSJm s. v.), and so to underscore his attention and control of the situation. Also, the change to the imperfect tense helps extend the scene of Jesus.