Gustavo Martin, «Procedural Register in the Olivet Discourse: A Functional Linguistic Approach to Mark 13», Vol. 90 (2009) 457-483
I will rely on insights from Halliday’s register theory to explain the Markan Jesus’ use of a functional variety of language I call procedural register. The identification of procedural register in the main section of the Olivet Discourse (vv. 5b-23) will be shown to reveal the rhetorical design of the discourse within a first temporal horizon, of direct relevance for the audience and addressing the disciples’ question (v. 4). The absence of procedural register in vv. 24-27 indicates the opening of a second horizon in the speech, lacking immediate impact for the audience and no longer addressing the disciples’ question.
Procedural Register in the Olivet Discourse 471
does not appear as agent in any ergative clauses, and only in 4 out of a
total of 23 clauses as subject of verbs of seeing, hearing, speaking or
being (48). Finally, in 8 clauses (vv 14-17) the third person singular and
plural subjects are clearly to be understood as subsets of “youâ€: “When
you see the desolating sacrilege, then, let those who are in Judea….†In
this final category, the subjects are commanded to flee, not to turn back
to collect anything, not to go down or re-enter their houses, and a woe is
pronounced on those that are pregnant or breastfeeding. Of particular
note are those clauses with “you†as explicit subject, especially v. 9:
blevpete de; uJmei'" eJautouv" and v. 23: uJmei'" de; blevpete. Both are
particularly emphatic, the former serving to increase the immediacy and
relevance of the road signs for the “you,†audience, and the latter to
contrast “you,†with those who might be deceived (v. 22), and to
underline further the colophon closing this section (49). In my analysis of
Acts 27, I showed that ergativity is central to the author’s rhetorical
strategy, as he depicts God as the ultimate Agent who drives events
forward, the apparently efficacious actions of men notwithstanding (50).
In Mark 13, procedural register is constructed on the basis of “whenâ€
clauses, the associated behavior expressed in imperatives, and patterns
of ergativity which reveal the agency of the enemies of the disciples as
the followers of Christ are to be victimized in various ways. The role
assumed by Jesus in the speech is that of the (nearly) all knowing and
authoritative master who knows and controls future events, and is thus
able to supply concrete instructions to guide his disciples as they
navigate the dangerous road ahead.
The identification of Jesus’ followers with the sufferings of the
master is for Mark a fundamental element of discipleship, a fact noted
by most commentators. The clause breakdown I provide helps us to
understand how that message is conveyed in Mark 13. In vv. 5b-23, the
disciples are, similarly to the Son of man in the three passion
predictions, consistently described as being in the receiving end of the
actions of their enemies, as they are handed over, beaten, hated, and
(48) o{tan de; ajkouvshte, tiv lalhvshte, ouj gavr ejste uJmei'" oiJ lalou'nte", â€Otan de;
i[dhte .
(49) See LAMBRECHT, Die Redaktion, 171; BEASLEY-MURRAY, Last Days, 420-
421; MATEOS, Marcos 13, 325. YARBRO COLLINS (Mark, 614) calls this clause in v.
23 a “summary statementâ€. FRANCE (The Gospel, 530) however, ignores this and
concludes his discussion of v. 23 with the words: “The end has begunâ€. He
believes v. 23 “sums up the discourse so farâ€, but that with vv. 24-27 “the answer
to the question is now coming to its climaxâ€.
(50) MARTIN-ASENSIO, Transitivity, 71-79.