Mark Jennings, «The Fourth Gospel’s Reversal of Mark in John 13,31‒14,3», Vol. 94 (2013) 210-236
I argue that the author/s of the Fourth Gospel knew Mark, based on the reversal of certain Markan themes found in John. No attempt is made here to suggest the kind of literary dependence which is the basis of the Synoptic problem. Rather, my thesis is that the author/s of John may have used Mark from memory, writing deliberately to reverse the apocalyptic tendencies found in the Second Gospel. Isolated incidents of this possible reversal demonstrate little, but this paper proposes that the cumulative force of many such reversals supports the thesis of John's possible knowledge of Mark.
230 MARK JENNINGS
in the discourse. Greater emphasis is placed on following Jesus
through death to glory, representing a more existential concern for the
community.
The interpretation of 14,3 remains a contentious issue in schol-
arship on John’s Farewell Discourse. It is difficult to come to a firm
conclusion, and in regard to the theme of this paper such firmness
is not crucial. If John knows and is using Mark, either he has re-
tained the Parousia tradition or he has reinterpreted it in line with
his own eschatology.
Beasley-Murray remarks that this saying represents a promise
of the Parousia, but in more “homey†language than that contained
in Mark 13,24-27 and 1 Thess 4,15-18 80. The first of these pas-
sages, the Markan Parousia, offers further evidence for this study.
1. Mark 13,24-27: The elect gathered
An overview of Mark 13,24-27 has already been presented in this
paper. The key features of this text in comparison to John 14,1-3 are:
– The Parousia, described in Mark with apocalyptic flourish and
grandeur.
– The gathering of the elect in Mark 13,27.
In this passage, the apocalyptic coming of the glorified Jesus sig-
nals the end of suffering for the elect, who are gathered by angels
from the four winds, representing a reversal of Zech 2,6 (“for I have
spread you abroad like the four winds of heavenâ€). For Mark, the
Parousia represents the fulfilment of the prophecy found in Deut
30,4. Jesus achieves a task assigned to God in the prophecy 81, indi-
cating the scope of this vision — Jesus’ glory and authority is to be
equated with that of God himself 82. Thus Jesus’ coming here truly
establishes the Kingdom of God.
The gathering of the elect in verse 27 is the climax of this de-
scription. The elect are rescued from persecution as the present age
draws to a close 83, and they are gathered together to participate in
BEASLEY-MURRAY, John, 250.
80
DONAHUE – HARRINGTON, Mark, 375.
81
EVANS, Mark, 329.
82
MOLONEY, Mark, 267.
83
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