Paul Danove, «A Comparison Of The Usage Of Akouw And Akouw- Compounds In The Septuagint And New Testament», Vol. 14 (2001) 65-86
This study characterizes all occurrences of
a0kou/w and seven related verbs (a0ntakou/w,
diakou/w, ei0sakou/w,
e0nakou/w, e0pakou/w,
parakou/w, and u9pakou/w)
in the Septuagint and New Testament according to their semantic and
syntactic properties, develops a single set of rules to describe the
distribution of noun phrase objects of these verbs, and then compares the
patterns of usage of these verbs in the Septuagint and New Testament. A
preliminary discussion identifies the semantic and syntactic properties
necessary to describe all biblical occurrences of
a0kou/w and proposes a set of descriptive rules that govern the
syntactic case of its noun phrase objects. Further investigation then
indicates that this same set of rules with only one minor modification
also is adequate to describe the syntactic case of noun phrase objects of
the noted a0kou/w-compounds. The discussion
concludes by comparing the distribution of noun phrase objects in
particular syntactic cases within the Septuagint and New Testament.
Paul Danove
74
To these must be added the previously noted example, Col 1:23,
whose object, a relative pronoun, appears in the genitive case through
attraction to the case of its antecedent.
The remaining 307 accusative objects and three dative objects, which
arise through the attraction of relatives to the case of their antecedents, are
characterized by the feature [+ response] 22. The presence of uses of
akouw characterized by the features [+ response, – speaker] with objects
jv
in both the genitive and accusative indicates that a one-to-one correspon-
dence between feature and object case is not possible. This is apparent in
comparisons of minimally paired verb phrases characterized by the fea-
tures [+ response, – speaker]:
22
Object noun phrase [+ response, – speaker] (accusative, direct): Gen 3:8 [A], 10
[A]; 11:7; 24:30; 27:34; 29:13; 31:1; 39:19; Exod 32:17 [A], 18; 33:4; 41:15; Lev 5:1;
Num 14:27; Deut 1:17 [A, R], 34; 2:25; 4:10, 36; 5:1, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28a, 28b; 7:12;
11:13 [A, R], 22, 28; 18:16; 29:18; Josh 3:9; 6:20; 9:3, 9; 14:12; 22:2, 30; 24:27;
Judg 3:4; 7:15; 9:30; 14:13; 1 Sam 2:24; 4:6 [A], 14, 19; 8:21; 9:27; 11:6; 17:11;
25:24; 26:19; 2 Sam 5:24; 7:22; 14:17; 15:10, 35, 36; 20:17; 1 Kgs 1:41, 45; 2:41
[A]; 14:6; 2 Kgs 6:30; 7:1; 11:13; 19:4, 6, 7, 11, 16; 20:16; 22:11, 18; 1 Chr 10:11;
14:15; 2 Chr 9:5; 15:8; 18:18; 23:12; 24:19 [A, R]; 34:26, 27; 1 Esdr 8:68; 2 Esdr
9:3; 11:4, 6; 14:14; 15:6; 18:9; 19:9; 23:3; Esth 1:1n; 4:4; Jdt 7:9; 8:9a, 9b; 10:14;
13:12; 14:7, 19; Tob 3:6, 10a, 10b [S]; 6:19; 7:10 [S]; 1 Macc 2:22; 3:27, 41; 4:27
[A]; 5:16; 6:8; 10:46; 3 Macc 5:35, 48; 4 Macc 8:15; 9:27; 10:17; 14:9a, 9b; Ps 25:7;
30:14; 48:2; 77:3; 101:21; 137:1, 4; Prov 1:8; 4:1; 5:13; 8:33; 19:20; 22:17; Job 13:6,
17b; 16:2; 20:3; 26:14; 32:11 [V]; 33:1; 34:16, 34; 37:4; 39:7; 40:4; 42:11; Wis 18:1;
Sir 19:10; 21:15; 23:7; 29:25; 48:7; Hos 5:1; Amos 4:1; 5:1, 23; 7:16; 8:11; Mic 6:1;
Nah 3:19; Zech 8:9; Isa 1:10; 24:16; 28:14; 30:21; 32:9; 36:13; 37:4, 7; 39:5; 47:8;
48:6; 66:5; Jer 4:19, 21; 5:21; 6:10 [A, S], 24 ; 7:2; 9:19; 10:1; 17:20; 18:2, 10 [A];
19:3; 20:10; 21:11; 22:2, 29; 27:43; 28:51; 30:14, 29; 31:5; 33:10, 12, 21; 35:7;
37:5; 38:10, 18; 41:4; 42:18; 43:11, 13, 16, 24; 44:2, 5; 45:1, 20; 49:6, 15; 51:24,
26; Bar 3:9; Lam 1:21; 3:56, 61; Ezek 3:6, 17; 13:2; 16:35; 25:3; 33:4, 5, 7, 30, 31,
32; 37:4; 44:5; Sus 26; Dan 4:9, 28, 31 [Sy]; 6:15; 8:16; 10:9; Matt 7:24, 26; 10:27;
11:4; 13:19, 20, 23; 14:1; 15:12; 19:22; 21:45; 26:65; Mark 4:16, 20, 24; Luke 1:41;
2:20b (dative); 4:23b, 28; 8:15, 21; 9:7, 9; 11:28; 14:15; 16:14; 18:23; John 3:8, 32b;
5:24, 37; 8:26, 38b, 40b; 9:40; 15:15b; 16:13b; 19:8; Acts 1:4; 4:4, 20; 5:5a, 24;
7:54; 9:4; 10:44; 15:7; 17:8; 21:12; 22:14; 26:14; 2 Cor 12:4; Eph 1:13; Phil 4:9; 2
Tim 2:2; 1 John 1:1, 3, 5; 2:24b; 3:11; Rev 1:3, 10; 4:1; 6:7; 9:16; 10:4, 8; 22:18.
These observations assume a continuity in the referents of subjects even though the
explicitly stated subject changes in some cases: 2 Sam 7:22 («we» to «they»); Sir 23:7
(«you [pl.]» to «he»); Isa 24:16 («we» to «they»); 30:22 («your [s.] hands» to «you [s.]»;
Jer 6:24 («we» to «our hands»); 27:43 («you [s.]» to «your [s.] hands»); 45:20 («you
[s.]» to «your [s.] hands»); Bar 3:9 («Israel» to «you [pl.]»); 1 John 3:11 («you [pl.]» to
«we»). They also include examples in which the notice of the response precedes that
of the hearing: 2 Sam 15:36b [15:36a]; 1 Kgs 1:45 [1:41]; 2 Kgs 19:20b [19:20a]; Ps
137:4b [137:4a]; Jer 28:51b [28:51a]; 43:13b [43:13a]; 43:24b [43:24a]; Luke 2:20b
[2:20a]; 4:23b [4:23a]; John 3:32b [3:32a]; 8:38b [8:38a]; 8:40b [8:40a]; 15:15b
[15:15a]; 16:13b [16:13a]. In Amos 8:11 [8:12], the permissibly omitted subject of
an infinitive relates the response to the hearing. Finally, in Ps 137:1 [137:4] the notice
of the response is separated from the notice of the hearing by an intervening verb
which relates activity prior to the hearing.