Stanley E. Porter - Matthew Brook O’Donnell, «The Greek Verbal Network Viewed from a Probabilistic
Standpoint: An Exercise in Hallidayan Linguistics», Vol. 14 (2001) 3-41
This study explores numerical or distributional
markedness in the verbal network of the Greek of the New Testament. It
extends the systemic analysis of Porter (Verbal Aspect in the Greek of
the New Testament, 1989), making use of the Hallidayan concept of
probabilistic grammar, which posits a typology of systems where features
are either "equiprobable".both features are equally distributed
(0.5/0.5).or "skewed".one feature is marked by its low frequency of
occurrence (0.9/0.1). The results confirm that the verbal aspect system of
the Greek of the New Testament is essentially independent of other verbal
systems, such as voice and mood.
The Greek Verbal Network Viewed from a Probabilistic Standpoint 33
+perfective –perfective
+projective .................. 1435 0.65 405 0.33 1840 0.54
+directive .................... 764 0.35 822 0.67 1586 0.46
–projective +directive
+perfective .................. 1435 0.78 764 0.48 2199 0.64
–perfective .................. 405 0.22 822 0.52 1227 0.36
The sixth set of examples concerns the relation of the ATTITUDE sub-
system (NON-ASSERTION) (13) and ASPECT1 system. This set of systemic
choices concerns the options of +projective/+directive and ±perfective
(systems 13 and 2). Choice of ±perfective results in an equiprobable dis-
tribution of +projective/+directive choices. In this regard, the results are
consistent with those for system 13 on its own. However, the numerical
distribution is reversed. Choice of +perfective results in a distribution of
+projective (0.65)/+directive (0.35), similar to that of system 13, but choi-
ce of –perfective results in a distribution of +projective (0.33)/+directive
(0.67). Both are within the range of equiprobable distribution (if only
marginally), but now at opposite ends of the range. This may well have to
do with the relationship between the subjunctive and imperative forms in
terms of negation 98. Choice of +projective results in a skewed distribution
of +perfective over –perfective (0.78/0.22), whereas choice of +directive
results in an equiprobable distribution of ±perfective (0.48/0.52). The
effect of selection of +projective, realized by subjunctive and optative
mood forms, is the first statistical test that has shown that choice of an-
other system within the Greek verbal network can affect choice of verbal
aspect. The result is a skewed, rather than an equipollent distribution.
However, the results of this analysis are consistent with those tendencies
noted elsewhere regarding the choices of aspectual and modal forms.
Whereas it was noted above that there was a tendency for the finite and
aorist forms to be linked, this result extends that conclusion. Here it is
noted that, although there is an equiprobable distribution regarding the
semantic features of ±perfective when +directive is selected, when +projec-
tive is selected the –perfective feature is much more highly marked. In other
words, there is a tendency in the subjunctive and optative forms to select
the aorist tense-form more often than the present and perfect, indicating
that the present and perfect subjunctive and optative forms are more highly
marked than the aorist subjunctive and optative forms. This is in confor-
mity with analysis of the Greek verbal network presented in Verbal Aspect 99.
98
See Porter, Verbal Aspect, pp. 97, 167-73.
99
See Porter, Verbal Aspect, pp. 181, 323-24.