50 Adelbert Denaux one or more words” (I, 5,1)77. Individual words will either be native or imported, simple or compound, literal or metaphorical, in current use or newly-coined (I, 5,3). Each of these possibilities is discussed. - The second virtue or quality of style is the “clearness of speech” (perspicuitas) (VII, 2,1-22). “For my own part, I regard clearness as the first essential of a good style: there must be propriety in our words, their order must be straightforward, the conclusion of the period must not be long postponed, there must be nothing lacking and nothing superfluous. Thus our language will be approved by the learned and clear to the uneducated. I am speaking solely of clearness of style, as I have already dealt with clearness in the presentation of facts in the rules that I laid down for the statement of the case. But the general method is the same in both. For if what we say is not less not more than is required, and is clear and systematically arranged, the whole matter will be plain and obvious even to the not too attentive audience” (VIII, 2, 22)78. - The third virtue or quality of style is the “ornament of speech” (orationis ornatus) (VIII, 3,1-88). The employment of skilful ornament not only serves the interests of the case that is defended, but at the same time, it commends the orator and appeals the approval of the world at large (VIII, 3,2). Rhetorical ornament resides in individual words or in groups of words. As to the use of individual words, it is to be noted that, whereas clearness mainly requires propriety of language, ornament requires the skilful use of metaphor. We should realise, however, that without propriety ornament is impossible (VIII, 3,15). The choice of striking and sublime words will be determined by the matter that is dealt with (VIII, 3,18). Words are proper, newly-coined or metaphorical (VIII, 3,24). Hence, it is a question of good taste whether and when one uses archaisms, neologisms, or metaphors (VIII, 3,24-39). When one considers connected discourse (groups of words): “Its adornment may be effected, primarily, in two ways; that is to say, we must consider first our ideal of style, and secondly how we shall express this ideal in actual words. The first essential is to realise clearly what we wish to enhance or attenuate, to express with vigour or calm, in luxuriant or austere language, at length or Cf. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria 1, 78-79, … emendate loquendi regulam, quae 77 grammatices prior pars est, examinet. Haec exigitur verbis aut singulis aut pluribus. Cf. Butler, The Institutio Oratoria 3, 208-09, Nobis primus virtus sit perspicuitas, 78 propria verba, rectus ordo, non in longum dilata conclusio, nihil neque desit neque superfluat; ita sermo et doctis probabilis et planus imperitis erit. Haec eloquendi observatio. Nam rerum perspicuitas quo modo praestanda sit, diximus in praeceptis narrationis. Similis autem ratio est omnibus. Nam si neque pauciora quam oportet neque plura neque inordinata aut indistincta dixerimus, erunt dilucida et negligenter quoque audientibus aperta (VIII, 2, 22).