92 Andrew M. Bowden is saying and how his message is arranged into sections and paragraphs. As has already been mentioned, the body opening is clearly marked by the first imperative of the letter, and continues to v. 27. We must now turn our attention to 1,2-27 (the body-introduction) and ask, What are the individual paragraphs, and which, if any, is prominent? 2.2.1.1 Temptations Reveal Believers’ Lack and Bring about Maturity (1,2-12) These verses are marked as a paragraph by three features: (1) The inclusio between v. 2 and v. 12. In v. 2, James states χαρὰν … πειρασμοῖς … ὑπομονήν, while a similar expression is found in v. 12, μακάριος … ὑπομένει … πειρασμόν22. (2) Beyond this simple inclusio, it is crucial that v. 2 is in the imperative and v. 12 in the indicative. By making an indicative statement at the end of a long hortatory section, the paragraph is rounded out and given a sense of completion. (3) The unity of the paragraph is clear by the repetition of δέ followed by third person singular imperatives, as is seen in the following: v. 4 ἡ δὲ ὑπομονὴ ἔργον τέλειον ἐχέτω … v. 5 Εἰ δέ … αἰτείτω … v. 6 αἰτείτω δὲ ἐν πίστει … v. 9 Καυχάσθω δὲ ὁ ἀδελφὸς … Each of these functions semantically at the same level, developing the original imperative related to joy in temptation23. In this case, James is not using δέ in a contrastive sense, but rather as a means of both linking sentences together under the main proposition and then adding further information24. Thus, to summarize the thought of this first introductory subunit, temptations25 are occasions for joy amongst believers because 22 Taylor (James, 103) and Penner (Eschatology, 145-46) argue for the presence of a chiasm in 1,2-12. Crotty (“Literary Structure”, 47) and Francis (“Form and Function”) understand πειρασμοῖς as a linking catchword. See also Taylor’s analysis of the inclusios in James (James, 59-71). 23 Cf. F. Mußner, Der Jakobusbrief (Freiberg 1981) 91; C.B. Amphoux, “L’Emploi du Coordonnant dans l’Épître de Jacques”, Bib 63 (1982) 90-101. Ampoux notes that in James, δέ is sometimes equivalent with καί (p. 94) and often signifies a logical progression in the discourse, as in 1,5-11. 24 Cheung provides an excellent discussion of James’ use of δέ and καί (Genre, 66). Cheung notes that a preference for δέ over καί is a stylistic feature of James. In fact, δέ is used 37 times in James, with at least seven of these uses being the continuative sense. Furthermore, Cheung notes that δέ itself has no essential notion of antithesis or contrast, but often simply denotes something new. 25 On the translation “temptation,” see my forthcoming article “Count What All Joy? The Translation of πειρασμός in James 1,2 and 12” in The Bible Translator.