Patrick A. Tiller, «Reflexive Pronouns in the New Testament», Vol. 14 (2001) 43-63
The purpose of this study is to answer two basic
questions concerning reflexive and reciprocal pronouns in the New
Testament: (1) What are the syntactic constraints on reflexives, that
determine when they may be used? (2) What are the semantic constraints
that determine when in fact they are used? In answering the first question
the author considers both reflexives and reciprocals and discuss the whole
NT; for the second, the author attempts to suggest answers for third
person reflexives and based only on the Pauline Epistles commonly
recognized as authentic.
Reflexive Pronouns in New Testament 63
Man’s building on the flesh is sinful. This is called sowing to the flesh
in Gl. 6:8. If the savrx brings fqorav, it is in the first instance a compre-
hensive expression for all that in which man puts his trust. In antithetical
parallelism to pneu`ma, however, savrx approximates to the idea of a [non-
mythological] power which works on man and determines his destiny
even beyond life on earth 22.
Schweizer interprets the use of the reflexive with savrc and not with
pneuma as follows: «This shows that the norm of the Spirit by which a
`
man directs his life is not his own possibility but an alien possibility
granted to him 23.»
However, according to my rule (8), the reason for the reflexive with
sarx is not because flesh, unlike spirit, is not an alien possibility. Rather
v
it is because savrx (‘flesh’) is the recipient of the action of which the trig-
ger is the agent (it receives the sowing) and because it is a body part of the
referent of the trigger. This means that savrx cannot be «all that in which
man puts his trust» nor «a power which works on man and determines his
destiny.» This is consistent with the understanding of Galatians as
polemicizing against rituals of bodily purity such as circumcision, kosher
foods, and the keeping of the Sabbath and other holy days.
Conclusions
In this paper I have investigated that syntactic and semantic con-
straints on the use of reflexives. I have certainly not solved all of the prob-
lems, but I have discovered a few basic principles that determine under
what conditions a reflexive pronoun will be used. I will not summarize
my conclusions since they can be easily reviewed by looking over my eight
rules and three definitions. Instead I will merely mention a few notewor-
thy observations that deserve further consideration.
1. Almost all generalizations that one might make concerning reflex-
ives are wrong.
2. One must distinguish between reflexives and reciprocals; between
first, second, and third person pronouns; and between various authors.
3. On the other hand, the NT authors seem to be surprisingly consis-
tent in their constraints on triggers.
4. Point of view and focus seem to be important semantic constraints
when the use of the reflexive form is syntantically optional.
22
Eduard Schweizer, «savrx,» TDNT 7 (1971) 132.
23
Eduard Schweizer, «pneu`ma, pneumatikov~,» TDNT 6 (1968) 430.