14 Stratton L. Ladewig is no longer available to the verbal paradigm, Apollonius Dyscolus tells us, is that the active function was seized (κατείληπτο) by the present middle. BDAG says that καταλαμβάνω generally means “to seize, lay hold of”38. The result of this phenomenon is that the active morphological ending is no longer used in this situation. In this sense, it seems that Apollonius Dyscolus viewed these verbs as defective in some way39. The examples used demonstrate that the ancient understanding of the use of voice knew well the concept of deponency. The second two examples (μάχομαι and χρῶμαι), because they are widely viewed as deponents, seem to be apropos illustrations of the discussion. The first example, βιάζομαί σε, is a middle form with an active use, as the direct object signifies. However, the active form is found in classical Greek. LSJ and BDAG tell us that the usual form for βιάζω was βιάζομαι40. Why then did Apollonius Dyscolus include this verb, which seems contrary to his thesis, as an example of a verb with middle morphology but active function? There are two answers. First, based on his silence, it may be that Apollonius Dyscolus simply did not conceive of βιάζομαι (βιάζομαι ὑπὸ σοῦ) as functioning passively. A search of TLG reveals that the pres- ent active indicative of βιάζομαι is only found four times in the second century a.d.; thus, Apollonius Dyscolus may not have been aware of the active forms. Later grammarians may have introduced a passive under- standing into the discussion. Secondly, because βιάζομαι was grouped so closely with μάχομαι and χρῶμαι, which are both generally regarded as deponent verbs, it seems that he viewed them as analogous examples41. Signes-Codoñer summarizes, “He treated them all [βιάζομαι, μάχομαι, and χρῶμαι] in fact as deponents, although we have an active βιάζω”42. Therefore, this use of the middle voice in ancient grammatical dis- cussion provides evidence for deponency. Although the term ‘deponent’ was not used, the prevailing conceptualization of the phenomenon was understood well. The resulting interpretation of this text by Apollonius Dyscolus is that this ancient grammarian did in fact conceive of the mismatch between form and function by which the middle/passive form functioned actively, a description corresponding to deponency43! In the 38 BDAG, 519. See LSJ, 897, which also supports the nuance of “seize” for καταλαμβάνω. 39 Signes-Codoñer, “Definitions of Middle Voice”, 18. 40 LSJ, 314 (s.v. II); BDAG, 175. 41 Signes-Codoñer, “Definitions of Middle Voice”, 18. 42 Signes-Codoñer, “Definitions of Middle Voice”, 18. 43 “Accordingly, through Def. B.2 [middle implies discrepancy between form and mean- ing in the whole paradigm of some verbs] the middle verbs are somehow equated with the deponents, for which Greek grammarians never developed a specific category until the Renaissance” (Signes-Codoñer, “Definitions of Middle Voice”, 18).