Jerome H. Neyrey, «"First", "Only", "One of a Few", and "No One Else". The Rhetoric of Uniqueness and the Doxologies in 1 Timothy», Vol. 86 (2005) 59-87
The distinctive way of honoring gods or God was to celebrate
what is unique about them, that is, praise of persons who were the "first",
"only", or "one of a few" to do something. Rhetoric from Aristotle to Quintilian
expounded the theory of "uniqueness", which the authors of Greek hymns and
prayers employed. One finds a Semitic counterpart in the "principle of
incomparability" describing Israelite kings. "Uniqueness" pervades the New
Testament, especially its doxologies. In them, "uniqueness" was richly expressed
in rhetorical mode, as well as by predicates of negative theology which elevated
the deity above those praising.
72 Jerome H. Neyrey
himself endorses Israel’s monotheistic faith (Mark 12,29-30), which
is a confession of God’s uniqueness. Jesus cites the Shema (Deut 6,4-
5): “Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God is one (ei|" qeov")â€. His questioner
agrees with him by repeating Jesus’ words, confessing that “He [God]
is one (ei|") and that there is no other (oujk e[stin a[llo" plh;n aujtou')â€
(12,32).
Mark records that a man asked Jesus what to do to gain eternal
life, addressing Jesus as “Good Teacherâ€. Jesus defers this to God:
“No one is ‘good’ but God alone (ei|")†(Mark 10,18). Mark expresses
uniqueness both positively (God “alone†is good) and negatively (“no
one†[oujdeiv"] else is).
c) No One (oujdeiv")
But it is in relation to Jesus that this rhetorical form of uniqueness
is used most frequently. For example, Jesus informs his disciples:
All things have been given to me by my Father; and no one (oujdeiv")
knows the Son except the Father, and no one (oujdev ... ti") knows the
Father except the Son and any one to whom the son chooses to reveal
him (Matt 11,27//Luke 10,22).
Jesus claims uniqueness: (1) “all things†have been given him by
his Father-God; (2) knowledge of him rests exclusively with God; and
(3) knowledge of God belongs exclusively to Jesus. Both Father and
son enjoy unique knowledge shared only by the two of them.
We find in several early Christian writings honor claims made by
Jesus and on his behalf which rest upon his uniqueness, which “no
one†else has. For example:
No one (oujdeiv") has ever seen God; the only (monogenhv") (35) son ...
has made him known (John 1,18).
No one (oujdeiv") has ascended into heaven but (eij mhv) he who
descended from heaven (John 3,13).
No one (oujdeiv") comes to the Father except (eij mhv) by me (John
14,6)(36).
John 1,18 and 3,13 declare Jesus’ uniqueness by claiming that he
is the only one who has seen the invisible God or who has descended
(35) Many translate monogenhv" as “only†or “singleâ€; see P. WINTER,
“Monogenhv" Para; Patrov"â€, ZRGG 5 (1953) 335-365. G. PENDRICK,
“Monogenhv"â€, NTS 5 (1995) 587-600, provides data urging that the proper
translation be “the only one of its kind†or “uniqueâ€. But see J. V. DAHMS, “The
Johannine Use of Monogenes Reconsideredâ€, NTS 29 (1983) 222-232.
(36) Also: “There is salvation in one else (ejn a[llw/ oujdeniv), for there is no
(oujde) other name under heaven ... by which we must be saved†(Acts 4,12).
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