Francesca Stavrakopoulou, «Exploring the Garden of Uzza: Death, Burial and Ideologies of Kingship», Vol. 87 (2006) 1-21
The Garden of Uzza (2 Kgs 21,18.26) is commonly regarded as a pleasure garden
in or near Jerusalem which came to be used as a royal burial ground once the tombs
in the City of David had become full. However, in this article it is argued that the
religious and cultic significance of royal garden burials has been widely
overlooked. In drawing upon comparative evidence from the ancient Near East, it
is proposed that mortuary gardens played an ideological role within perceptions of
Judahite kingship. Biblical texts such as Isa 65,3-4; 66,17 and perhaps 1,29-30 refer
not to goddess worship, but to practices and sacred sites devoted to the royal dead.
18 Francesca Stavrakopoulou
cult places for the veneration of possibly royal dead ancestors finds
notable support in textual and archaeological evidence from the royal
palace at Ugarit, and iconographical material from the Neo-Assyrian
Northwest Palace at Kal˙u. In returning to the point at which this
discussion began, it would thus appear that the biblical burial of kings
Manasseh and Amon in a garden (2 Kgs 21,18.26) resonates with a
greater religious and cultic importance than has been previously
discerned. Consequently, the widespread assumption that a garden
burial reflects a secondary or alternative funerary site is mistaken.
Instead, it would appear that the association of royal tombs with a
garden is most appropriate. However, this highlights an intriguing
irony. In spite of the historical credibility of the garden burial of
royalty, and despite the probable religious and ideological prestige of
this form of interment, the garden burials of Manasseh and Amon
function in the books of Kings as a symbol of theological castigation;
in deviating from his formulaic references to the City of David as the
site of the royal tombs, the biblical narrator segregates these most
reprehensible of kings from their Davidic ancestors. Though this may
find partial explanation in the condemnation of mortuary gardens and
their associated practices in the book of Isaiah, it is interesting to note
that this deviation is heightened by the double-designation of
Manasseh’s burial site in 2 Kgs 21,18, in which the king is interred
az[ ˆgb wtyb ˆgb, “in the garden of his house in the Garden of Uzzaâ€.
Whilst a consensus view is yet to emerge concerning the intended
significance or likely identity of Uzza, the pronounced naming of the
mortuary garden appears to function as an ideological strategy
designed to distance it even further from the royal ancestral tombs by
setting up an implicit contrast between az[ ˆg, “Garden of Uzza†and
dwd ry[, “City of Davidâ€. The continued success of this strategy is
reflected in several scholarly discussions in which the mortuary garden
is geographically distanced from the City of David on the assumption
that the garden lay beyond the walls of Jerusalem.
Moreover, the veracity of the tradition naming the burial site as the
“Garden of Uzza†appears uncertain upon closer examination. It was
noted at the outset of this discussion that the Chronicler does not
include this designation in his description of the burial place of
Manasseh (2 Chr 33,20) (70), but instead refers only to Manasseh’s
(70) Recall that the site of Amon’s burial is not mentioned by the Chronicler
(2 Chr 33,24-25).