Andrei Orlov, «Moses’ Heavenly Counterpart in the Book of Jubilees and the
Exagoge of Ezekiel the Tragedian», Vol. 88 (2007) 153-173
The paper provides conceptual background for the idea of the angel of the presence as the heavenly counterpart of Moses in the Book of Jubilees and the Exagoge of Ezekiel the Tragedian. The identity of the celestial scribe in the form
of the angel of the presence found in the Book of Jubilees and some other Second Temple materials might further our understanding of the enigmatic process of
mystical and literary emulation of the exemplary figure, the cryptic mechanics of which often remains beyond the grasp of our post/modern sensibilities. It is possible that in the traditions of heavenly counterparts where the two characters
of the story, one of which is represented by a biblical exemplar, become eventually unified and acquire a single identity, we are able to draw nearer to the very heart of the pseudepigraphical enterprise. In this respect, it does not appear to be coincidental that these transformational accounts dealing with the heavenly doubles of their adepts are permeated with the aesthetics of penmanship and the
imagery of the literary enterprise. In the course of these mystical and literary metamorphoses, the heavenly figure surrenders his scribal seat, the library of the celestial books and even personal writing tools to the other, earthly identity who now becomes the new guardian of the literary tradition.
Moses’ Heavenly Counterpart 169
Thus, in 2 Enoch 39 the patriarch relates to his children that during
his vision of the divine Kavod, the Lord helped him with his right
hand. The hand here is described as having a gigantic size and filling
heaven: “But you, my children, see the right hand of one who helps
you, a human being created identical to yourself, but I have seen the
right hand of the Lord, helping me (pomagazhschu mi) and filling
heaven (ispl’nejaschu nebo)†(59). The theme of the hand of God
ˇ
assisting the seer during his vision of the Face here is not an entirely
new development, since it recalls the Mosaic account from Ex 33,22-
23. Here the Deity promises the prophet to protect him with his hand
during the encounter with the divine Panim: “and while my glory
passes by I will put you in a cleft of the rock, and I will cover you with
my hand until I have passed by; then I will take away my hand, and
you shall see my back; but my face shall not be seenâ€. There is also
another early Mosaic account where the motif of the divine hand
assisting the visionary is mentioned. The Exagoge of Ezekiel the
Tragedian relates that during the prophet’s vision of the Kavod, a noble
man sitting on the throne beckoned him with his right hand (dexia/' dev
moi e[neuse) (60). It appears that the embracement of the visionary with
the divine hand might signify here the seer’s invitation into the divine
realm and maybe even his unification with the divine Form. This
possible identification with the Kavod is not entirely unambiguous,
since the heavenly counterpart can be perceived either as the divine
Glory itself or as its angelic replica or image which mediates the
earthly identity of the seer and the Kavod (61). Alan Segal observes that
in such traditions their heroes “are not just angels, but become
dangerously close to being anthropomorphic hypostases of God
himself†(62).
It is conceivable that 2 Enoch’s description is closer to the form of
the tradition preserved in Ezekiel the Tragedian than to the account
found in Exodus since the Exagoge mentions the right hand of the
(59) 2 Enoch 39,5. ANDERSEN, “2 Enochâ€, The Old Testament Pseudepi-
grapha, I, 162; SOKOLOV, Slavjanskaja Kniga Enoha Pravednogo, 38.
(60) JACOBSON, The Exagoge of Ezekiel, 54.
(61) It is most clearly reflected in the tradition of Jacob’s heavenly counterpart
as the image engraved on the Face. Here the celestial counterpart is neither the
Face itself nor the earthly Jacob but the celestial medium which mediates them.
(62) A.F. SEGAL, “Ruler of the World: Attitudes about Mediator Figures and
the Importance of Sociology for Self-Definitionâ€, Jewish and Christian Self-
Definition (ed. E.P. SANDERS) (London 1981) n. 28; 248, 255-256.