Terrance Callan, «The Style of Galatians», Vol. 88 (2007) 496-516
Especially since the publication of H. D. Betz’s commentary in 1979 much attention has been given to rhetorical analysis of Paul’s letter to the Galatians. Discussion has focused on the species of Galatians’ rhetoric, i.e., whether it is forensic, deliberative or epideictic; little attention has been given to its style. This paper is an attempt to supply that lack. It begins by describing stylistic ornamentation of Galatians with respect to vocabulary and syntax and proceeds to discuss the presence of plain, middle and grand styles in Galatians. Finally it considers the implications of stylistic analysis for interpretation of Galatians.
502 Terrance Callan
recommendation of Cicero, but Dionysius of Halicarnassus says this
foot is ignoble. Quintilian approves having two trochees end a
sentence (Institutio Oratoria 9.4.103). This happens twelve times in
Galatians (17).
The second most common foot at the end of the sentences in
Galatians is the spondee; it is found at the end of twenty-six
sentences (18). This foot is praised by Dionysius of Halicarnassus.
Quintilian says that the spondee is best preceded by a cretic (Institutio
Oratoria 9.4.97), as it is at the end of one of these sentences (Gal
3,4b). However, Quintilian says that two spondees should not end a
sentence (Institutio Oratoria 9.4.97.101). This is the case twelve times
in Galatians (19); three times this is because the sentence ends with
∆Ihsou' Cristou' (Gal 1,12; 3,26.28).
The third most common foot at the end of the sentences in
Galatians is the dactyl. It is found twenty-four times (20). As noted
above, both Cicero and Dionysus of Halicarnassus commend the
dactyl. Quintilian approves ending with a dactyl (Institutio Oratoria
9.4.104).
Galatians’ sentences also end with iamb (fourteen times), paean
(fourteen times), cretic (eleven times), anapest (eleven times), tribrach
(eight times) and hypobacchius (once) (21). As noted above, Cicero
disapproves of iamb and tribrach; Dionysus of Halicarnassus says that
the iamb is not ignoble, but the tribrach is a mean foot; Quintilian
seems to say it is acceptable to end a sentence with an iamb if it is
preceded by a spondee or bacchius (Institutio Oratoria 9.4.99-100),
but he agrees that the tribrach does not make a good ending (Institutio
Oratoria 9.4.105). In Galatians the final iamb is preceded by a
spondee four times (Gal 3,15a; 4,16; 6,5.10).
Cicero approves of paean and cretic; the cretic is also praised by
(17) In Gal 1,17; 2,17b; 3,10b.21b.25; 4,27.28; 5,1a.14.23a.26; 6,3.
(18) At the ends of Gal 1,7.8.9.10b.10c.12.22; 2,19a; 3,4b.12.16a.26.28b;
4,10.14.25b.26.29; 5,2.9.11b.13; 6,1.2.14.17b.
(19) I.e., at the end of Gal 1,7.12.22; 3,26.28b; 4,25b.26.29; 5,11b; 6,1.14.17b.
(20) At the ends of Gal 1,10a.20.24; 2,1.2.12a.17a; 3,1.7.9.11.15b;
4,3.12b.21.22.24a.30b.31; 5,11a.23b; 6,7a.8.15.
(21) An iamb is found at the ends of Gal 2,11.14.21a; 3,15a.21a;
4,8,11,15b,16; 5,7a.12; 6,5.10.18; a paean ends 1,14; 2,12b.20b; 3,17b.18a.29;
4,7.9.12a.19.20.24b; 6,9.17a; a cretic ends 1,5; 2,13.16.18; 3,2b.5.14; 4,30a;
5,6.24; 6,16; an anapest ends 1,19; 2,5; 3,2a.17a.19b.21c; 4,15a.25a; 5,8.10; 6,6;
a tribrach ends 1,21; 2,21b; 3,18b.19a; 5,4.5.18; 6,4; and a hypobacchius ends
3,4a.