Gard Granerød, «Melchizedek in Hebrews 7», Vol. 90 (2009) 188-202
Hebrews has more to say about Melchizedek than what is said about him in LXX Ps 109,4 (perhaps also MT Ps 110,4) and Genesis 14. Heb 7,3 says that Melchizedek is “without father, without mother, without genealogy, having neither beginning of days nor end of life” and that “he remains a priest forever”. I discuss where the author gets this information from. Methodologically, priority should be given to an explanation made on the basis of the hermeneutical techniques that the author uses elsewhere. I argue that the surplus information found in Heb 7,3.8 stems from arguments made from silence. The author explicitly makes arguments from silence in Heb 7,14.20.
Melchizedek in Hebrews 7 193
Ps 2,7 with LXX Ps 109,4 and argues that Christ “did not glorify
himself in becoming a high priest, but was appointed by the one who
said to him, ‘You are my Son, today I have begotten youâ€; as he says
also in another place, “You are a priest forever, according to the order
of Melchizedek’â€.
Moreover, a few verses later the author claims that Jesus, having
been made perfect in connection with his obedience on Calvary,
became the source of eternal salvation for all who obey him. In relation
to this God gave him the designation “a high priest after the order of
Melchizedek†(Heb 5,10). Finally, in Heb 6,20 — on the threshold of
chapter 7 — the author claims that Jesus, “having become a high priest
forever according to the order of Melchizedekâ€, is a forerunner
(provdromo"), on behalf of his believers, to the inner shrine behind the
curtain.
This allusion to LXX Ps 109,4 is further developed in chapter 7,
where the author for the first time also employs Genesis 14, the only
other OT passage where the priest-king contemporary with Abraham is
mentioned. Heb 7,1-3 read (NRSV):
This “King Melchizedek of Salem, priest of the Most High God, met
Abraham as he was returning from defeating the kings and blessed
himâ€; and to him Abraham apportioned “one-tenth of everything.†His
name, in the first place, means “king of righteousnessâ€; next he is also
king of Salem, that is, “king of peace.†Without father, without mother,
without genealogy, having neither beginning of days nor end of life,
but resembling the Son of God, he remains a priest forever.
In v. 4, the author continues: “See how great he is! Even Abraham
the patriarch gave him a tenth of the spoils.†The author then makes
Abraham, who is Levi’s great grandfather, a representative of the
levitical priesthood. By giving a tithe to the priest Melchizedek, the
author says, Abraham — and through him all the levitical priests — at
the same time recognizes the superiority of the priesthood of
Melchizedek (7,4-10).
Moreover, in the second part of the chapter, in vv. 11-19, the author
argues that the Levitical priesthood cannot attain perfection
(teleivwsi"). In addition, he also admits that Jesus does not have any
priestly genealogy (v. 14). The author argues, however, that this does
not matter, for he has not become a priest through the requirements of
the Torah, according to which physical descend is necessary. Rather,
Christ has become priest “through the power of an indestructible lifeâ€
(v. 16). Yahweh’s oracle in LXX Ps 109,4 — which the author
conceives of as addressing Jesus — results in the abrogation of the