278 terraNCe CallaN likely to have a sexual reference in v. 36. and Paul most often uses qe,lhma in speaking of the will of God 48. this makes it unlikely that the word means sexual desire in v. 37. a) The Meaning of u`pe,rakmoj the biggest problem for Winter’s interpretation is the meaning of u`pe,rakmoj. this is a very rare word. i have found only four uses of the word in literature written before 1 Corinthians or approximately contemporary with it; cognates are used two additional times. Winter discusses these uses. 1. the word is found in Soranus, Gynecology 1.22 where it refers to a woman’s being past puberty, as Winter acknowledges 49. 2. it is used twice in Praecepta Salubria, namely in lines 11 and 18 50. Winter mentions only the second of these and says that it “refers to someone who is on the lookout to be satiated (th/sde to. plh/rej sko,pei plh,rhj) and has sexual connotations” 51. Winter seems to ships of the last days. other recent commentators are more open to Winter’s sug- gestion. ColliNS (First Corinthians, 293) thinks it might have eschatological con- notations, or refer to famine, or to the inability to control sexual desire; GarlaNd (1 Corinthians, 324) thinks it refers to something like the famine interpreted as an end time event; CiaMPa – roSNer (First Letter to the Corinthians, 336-337) say that most commentators understand it as a reference to messianic woes, but they seem to have the same view as Garland. 48 this is explicit in 14 of 23 other uses: rom 1,10; 12,2; 15,32; 1 Cor 1,1; 2 Cor 1,1; 8,5; Gal 1,4; eph 1,1; 6,6; Col 1,1; 4,12; 1 thess 4,3; 5,18; 2 tim 1,1; 5 times by means of pronoun etc.: rom 2,18; eph 1,5.9.11; Col 1,9. in eph 5,17 the will of the lord might refer either to God or to Jesus; 1 Cor 16,12 might refer either to apollos’ will or to God’s; 2 tim 2,26 might refer either to the devil’s will or to God’s; eph 2,3 speaks of the will of the flesh. 49 in Gynecology 1.7 Soranus speaks of tai/j evn avkmh/| parqe,noij meaning parqe,noi who have reached puberty. dionysius of Halicarnassus uses the phrase with the same meaning in 19.1.2. dio Chrysostom speaks of the avkmh, of boys (pai,dwn), perhaps meaning their reaching puberty. 50 WiNter says this is thought to be a first-century BC work (“Puberty or Passion?”, 74 [After Paul Left Corinth, 247]). u.C. BuSSeMaKer, Fragmenta Poematum Rem Naturalem vel Medicinam Spectantium, 75 in Poetae Bucolici et Didactici [Paris 1867]) is uncertain about the date. 51 WiNter, After Paul Left Corinth, 247. the last Greek word quoted (plh,rhj) is a mistake; it is not found in the text of Praecepta Salubria. in “Puberty or Passion?”, 74, WiNter says “:An d' u`pe,rakmoj th/sde to. plh/rej sko,pei refers to someone who is on the lookout to be satiated — to. plh/rej has sexual connota- tions.” Here WiNter mentions both line 11 and line 18.