Patrick A. Tiller, «Reflexive Pronouns in the New Testament», Vol. 14 (2001) 43-63
The purpose of this study is to answer two basic
questions concerning reflexive and reciprocal pronouns in the New
Testament: (1) What are the syntactic constraints on reflexives, that
determine when they may be used? (2) What are the semantic constraints
that determine when in fact they are used? In answering the first question
the author considers both reflexives and reciprocals and discuss the whole
NT; for the second, the author attempts to suggest answers for third
person reflexives and based only on the Pauline Epistles commonly
recognized as authentic.
Patrick A. Tiller
58
It should be a simple double accusative in which the underlying infini-
tive is not omitted. In this context, however, Paul means to say that they
demonstrated something that they consciously wished to communicate.
The verb, then, in this context is logophoric.
The reflexive in the next example is peculiar.
1 Cor 7:7 qelw de; pavnta~ ajnqrwvpou~ ei\nai wJ~ kai; ejmauto;n:
v
I-want but all people to-be as also myself;
w~ kai; ejmautovn is an abbreviated clause meaning «as I am.» Since the
J
reflexive is in the accusative case, it must be grammatically either a direct
object or the accusative subject of an infinitive. Since there is no transi-
tive verb that could be supplied, it must be the subject of an implied
infinitive ei\nai (‘to be’). On the other hand, the phrase should not be
understood to be derived from an underlying wJ~ kai; qevlw ejmauto;n
einai (‘as also I want myself to be’) because that is not what Paul means
\
here. The next verse is exactly parallel, except that the pronoun in ques-
tion remains nominative and not reflexive.
1 Cor 7:8 kalon aujtoi`~ eja;n meivnwsin wJ~ kagwv:
;
(It is ) good for-them if they-remain as also-I (am)
In vs. 7, an underlying wJ~ kagwv (kaiv [‘also’] + ejgwv [‘I’]) has become
w~ kai; ejmautovn because of its association with the complement clause of
J
qelw (‘I want’). qevlw is not a logophoric verb and it does not trigger indi-
v
rect or logophoric reflexives because it represents the subject’s thought of
what is potential only. But here wJ~ kai; ejmautovn is not a potentiality in
Paul’s mind but an actuality. It is therefore a logophoric pronoun without
a true logophoric verb. It may be possible to make sense of this by sup-
posing that there is an implied verb (‘to say’) that controls the clause and
triggers the pronoun to be logophoric: «But I want all people to be as also
(I say that) I am.»
We have now examined all of the true indirect reflexives in the NT.
Every one of them can be explained as logophoric pronouns. Since there
does not seem to be any other principle that can satisfactorily explain the
use and non-use of indirect reflexives, we must conclude that this is the
correct explanation.
The syntax of the reflexive
Now that we know what can trigger a reflexive we must consider what
pronouns can be triggered. For this discussion I will limit myself to the «gen-
uine» Pauline epistles and to third person reflexives, not reciprocals. In order
to further simplify the problem I will consider only direct reflexives. The
question is, when a pronoun is co-referent with its clausemate subject, under