Paul Danove, «le&gw Melding In The Septuagint And New Testament», Vol. 16 (2003) 19-31
This study investigates the grammatical phenomenon, le&gw melding,
which arises in particular contexts in which two or three verbs of communication,
one of which usually is le&gw, govern the same object complement.
The study establishes the syntactic, semantic, and lexical requirements of
the verbs of communication that participate in le&gw melding, develops the
distinctive characteristics of this phenomenon, and considers its implications
for translation and the formulation of lexicon entries for the Greek
words of the Septuagint and New Testament.
26 Paul Danove
with three verbs has the second complement of only one verb lexically
realized.13 These occurrences clarify that λέγω melding restricts the lexi-
cal realization of the second complement of two or three linked verbs only
when these complements permit the same lexical realization.
3. Λέγω Melding and Verbs of Indirect Discourse
Thirteen of the 21 verbs that participate in λέγω melding have the
capacity to express direct discourse (i.e., a quote) through the lexical rea-
lization of its third complement as a clause with a finite verb (V+finite)
both inside and outside of the context of λέγω melding: ἀναγγέλλω;
ἀπαγγέλλω; ἀποκÏίνομαι; δέομαι; διαλογίζομαι; á¼Î½Ï„έλλομαι; á¼Ï€ÎµÏωτάω;
á¼Ïωτάω; κηÏύσσω; λέγω; á½Ïκίζω; παÏαγγέλλω; and παÏακαλέω.14 These
23:33; Matt 12:10; 17:10; 22:23, 41; 27:11; Mark 9:11; 12:18; 14:60; 15:4; Luke 3:10, 14; 9:18;
18:18; 20:21, 27; 21:7; Acts 5:27; P/á¼Î½: Judg 1:1; 18:5 [R]; 20:18 [A], 27 [A], 28); á¼Ïωτάω
(N+acc: Gen 24:47; 32:18, 30 [R]; 37:15; 40:7; 44:19; Exod 3:13; 13:14; Deut 6:20; Josh 4:6,
21; 1 Sam 19:22; Jer 43:17; P/διά 2 Sam 5:19; 1 Chr 14:10; Matt 15:23; 16:13; Luke 23:3;
John 4:31; 9:2, 19; 12:21; Acts 1:6; P/á¼Î½: Judg 20:18, 23; 1 Chr 14:14); á½Ïκίζω (N+acc: Gen
24:37; 50:5, 25; Exod 13:19; 1 Sam 14:28; 1 Kgs 2:42; 2 Kgs 11:4); παÏακαλÎω (N+acc: Deut
13:7; Matt 8:31; 18:29; Mark 5:12, 23; Luke 7:4; Acts 2:40). Second complement of verb of
communication null and second complement of λέγω lexically realized (2 occurrences in
LXX): á¼Ï€ÎµÏωτάω (P/Ï€Ïός: Zech 4:4, 14). Second complement of verb of communication
null and second complement of λέγω null (2 occurrences in NT): á¼Ï€ÎµÏωτάω (Luke 22:64);
παÏακαλÎω (Acts 16:15). Second complement of verb of communication lexically realized
and second complement of λέγω lexically realized (2 occurrences = 1 in LXX and 1 in NT):
á¼Ï€ÎµÏωτάω (N+acc / N+dat: Mark 8:27); παÏακαλÎω (N+acc / P/Ï€Ïός: 2 Macc 7:21).
In the melding of á¼Ï€ÎµÏωτάω + á¼Ï€ÎµÏωτάω + λέγω (Gen 43:7), the second á¼Ï€ÎµÏωτάω has
13
its second complement lexically realized as N+acc. This singular occurrence also conforms
to the restriction that only one of the two verbs that permit the same lexical realization of
the second complement have it lexically realized.
On at least one occasion, each of these thirteen verbs expresses direct discourse out-
14
side of the context of λέγω melding through the lexical realization of its complement as
a clause with a finite verb (V+finite) that accommodates a quote: ἀναγγέλλω (Exod 19:3;
20:22; Judg 13:10; 2 Sam 24:13; 1 Kgs 18:11; Ps 51:1; Amos 3:9 [R]; Jer 4:5, 16; 26:14; 27:2);
ἀπαγγÎλλω (Gen 46:31; Judg 13:10 [A]; 14:2; 1 Sam 14:43b; 2 Sam 11:5; 13:34; 17:21 [R]; 2
Kgs 4:7; 5:4; Amos 3:9; Isa 48:20 [A,S]; Luke 8:20); ἀποκÏίνομαι (Gen 29:26 [R]; Judg 5:29,
29b [A]; 1 Sam 9:17; 12:3a; 20:28; 21:6; 23:4; 29:9; 2 Sam 4:9; Ps 101:24; Job 3:2; Cant 6:1;
Isa 3:7; Dan 4:19; 5:17; Mark 7:28; 9:17; Luke 4:4; 8:50; 13:15; 17:20; John 1:21, 48, 49, 50;
2:18, 19; 3:3, 5, 9, 10, 27; 4:10, 13, 17; 5:7, 11, 17, 19; 6:7, 26, 29, 43, 68, 70; 7:16, 20, 21, 46,
47, 52; 8:14, 19, 33, 34, 39, 48, 49, 54; 9:3, 11, 20, 25, 27, 30, 34, 36; 10:25, 32, 33, 34; 11:9;
12:23, 30, 34; 13:7, 8, 26, 38; 14:23; 16:31; 18:5, 8, 20, 23, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37; 19:7, 11, 15, 22;
21:5; Acts 3:12; 5:8; 9:13; 10:46; 11:9; 21:13; 22:8, 28; 24:10, 25; 25:12); δÎομαι (Acts 21:39);
διαλογίζομαι (Mark 2:6); á¼Î½Ï„έλλομαι (Lev 24:2; Num 34:2; Deut 31:23; Josh 1:9; Judg 4:26;
2 Kgs 11:15; 2 Chr 23:14; Neh 7:2; Tob 14:8 [S]; Ps 118:4; Lam 1:10; Matt 4:6; Acts 13:47);
á¼Ï€ÎµÏωτάω (Gen 38:21; 1 Sam 14:37; 17:56; 2 Kgs 8:9; Jdth 10:12; Sus 40; 2 Macc 7:7; 14:5;