Serge Frolov, «Evil-Merodach and the Deuteronomist: The Sociohistorical
Setting of Dtr in the Light of 2 Kgs 25,27-30», Vol. 88 (2007) 174-190
The article demonstrates that four concluding verses of the Former Prophets (2 Kgs 25,27-30) militate against the recent tendency to view Deuteronomism as a lasting phenomenon, especially against its extension into the late exilic and postexilic periods. Because Evil-Merodach proved an ephemeral and insignificant ruler, the account of Jehoiachin’s release and exaltation under his auspices could be reasonably expected to shore up the notion of an eternal Davidic dynasty only
as long as the Babylonian king remained on the throne (562-560 BCE). Since the dynastic promise to David and associated concepts rank high on Dtr’s agenda, it means that the Former Prophets was not updated along Deuteronomistic lines to
reflect the shift in the audience’s perspective on Evil-Merodach caused by his downfall. If so, there was no Deuteronomistic literary activity in the corpus after
560 BCE.
Evil-Merodach and the Deuteronomist 177
appears to be implicitly operative in the corpus’ presentation of the
Israelite kingship. Most of Samuel hinges upon the notion that while
the deity may disenfranchise other royal houses, such as that of Saul,
for relatively minor errors, even very serious blunders and
transgressions do not disqualify David and his successors, at least not
entirely or not forever (9). In perfect agreement with this notion, a mere
eleven chapters into Kings the Davidic dynasty survives Solomon’s
ultimate transgression of idolatry, with YHWH explicitly pardoning
him “for David’s sake†(1 Kgs 11,13; similarly 1 Kgs 11,32.36).
Abijam and Jehoram are spared despite their misbehavior for exactly
the same reason (1 Kgs 15,4 and 2 Kgs 8,19 respectively). The
punishment that the deity does mete out to Davidides, the secession of
the northern tribes soon after Solomon’s death, effectively expires
when Assyrians deport these tribes, leaving David’s descendants in
charge of what remains of Israel; even what amounts to a national
catastrophe ultimately benefits the dynasty. What is more, the narrator
mentions the breakaway tribes’ disloyalty to the house of David when
discussing the reasons of their deportation (2 Kgs 17,21). Finally, the
multiple offenses of the Davidide Manasseh cause YHWH to…
destroy Jerusalem and Judah while leaving the house of David in
charge to the bitter end (the denunciation of Manasseh in 2 Kgs 21,11-
15 does not include any specific penalties for his dynasty) and letting
one of its scions, Jehoiachin, conveniently to escape the disaster (10).
On a broader scale, the Former Prophets is informed by the
principle (which may or may not be secondary to the Davidic promise)
that the merits or shortcomings of the dynasty’s founder exclusively
determine its fate. In addition to David, the narrator explicitly
formulates this principle with regard to Saul (1 Sam 13,13-14),
Jeroboam I (1 Kgs 14,7-11), Baasha (1 Kgs 16,2-4), Ahab (1 Kgs
21,19-24), and Jehu (2 Kgs 10,30) (11). Only the ephemeral dynasties
that ruled the Northern Kingdom in the last decades of its existence are
(9) On this notion as operative in 2 Samuel, see S. FROLOV, “Succession
Narrative: A ‘Document’ or a Phantom?†JBL 121 (2002) 99-101.
(10) 1 Kgs 9,4-9 seems to anticipate this turn of events.
(11) Technically, Ahab did not found a dynasty: he succeeded his father Omri
(1 Kgs 16,28). The narrator accuses Omri of “doing what YHWH saw as evil and
surpassing in evil all those who were before him†(1 Kgs 16,25) but blames Ahab
for bringing the dynasty down. However, in terms of literary prominence, it is
Ahab, featured in seven chapters (1 Kings 16-22), not Omri, whose reign is
recounted in a mere four verses (1 Kgs 16,23-26), who functions as a founding
king.