Michael A. Lyons, «Marking Innerbiblical Allusion in the Book of Ezekiel», Vol. 88 (2007) 245-250
How did ancient Israelite authors make it clear that they were purposefully alluding to other texts? After all, the presence of verbal parallels between two texts can be attributed to coincidence, to unconscious dependence, or to the use of formulaic language where words assume a fixed shape because of the social setting and literary genres in which they are used. This paper examines two techniques by which the biblical authors could mark allusions so as to make them more conspicuous and highlight their purposeful nature: inversion of elements, and splitting and redistribution of elements. Examples of these techniques are taken from the book of Ezekiel.
248 Michael A. Lyons
238, n.114) that “it is not clear that other authors repeatedly used such
divisions as a literary techniqueâ€, I have found that this technique is well-
attested in the book of Ezekiel.
For example, when Ezekiel uses H’s locution µywgb hrza µktaw “And
you I will scatter among the nations†(Lev 26,33), he splits the clause
and redistributes the elements to create a new two-line parallel expression
twxrab ˚ytyrzw µywgb ˚twa ytwxyphw “And I will disperse you among the nations,
and I will scatter you among the lands†(Ezek 22,15; also 12,15; 20,23; 29,12;
30,23.26; 36,19; note the same pattern with variations in word choice in Ezek
6,8; 11,16).
Ezekiel creates two notable variations on this pattern. In the first, he
replaces the verb hrz “scatter†(taken from Lev 26,33) with dba “perishâ€
(taken from Lev 26,38, “you will perish among the nationsâ€), and supplies the
verb trk “cut off†as a parallel term. This yields the statement ˚ytrkhw
t/xrahAˆm ˚ytdbahw µym[hAˆm “I will cut you off from the peoples and make you
perish from the lands†(Ezek 25,7). In the second variation, Ezekiel creates a
reversal of his two-clause construction, yielding “I will gather (≈bq) you from
the peoples and assemble (πsa) you from the lands†(Ezek 11,17; see the same
structure with variations in the use of synonymous verbs in Ezek 20,34.41;
34,13; 36,24; 37,21) (8).
Ezekiel uses the technique of splitting and redistribution twice in chapter
18, where he splits the single clause of H’s regulation tybrtw ˚çn wtam jqtAla
“Do not take interest or accrued interest from him†(Lev 25,36) into
jqy al tybrtw ˆtyAal ˚çnb “At interest he does not give, and accrued interest he
does not take†(Ezek 18,8.13).
Splitting and redistribution of elements also occurs several times in
chapter 20, where Ezekiel alludes to H’s exhortation (Lev 18,5 // Ezek
20,11.13.21) (9):
And you shall keep my statutes and my ordinances, which if a man
does them, then he will live by means of them (Lev 18,5).
In my statutes they did not walk, and my ordinances they did not keep
so as to do them, which if a man does them, then he will live by means
of them (Ezek 20,21).
This technique of splitting and redistribution is not limited to Ezekiel’s
use of H. R. Levitt Kohn has argued that Ezekiel alludes to a number of
passages in Deuteronomy. One of the shared locutions she notes is the phrase
“in anger and in fury†(hmjbw πab; Deut 9,19; 29,27; Jer 7,20; 21,5; 32,31;
33,5; 36,7; 42,18; 44,6; Ezek 5,13.15; 7,8; 13,13; 20,8.21; 22,20; 23,25;
(8) D. Block notes that the variations fall into semantically meaningful patterns:
“Although ‘ammîm, ‘peoples’, and gôyim, ‘nations’, are often interchanged, a pattern is
evident in the way Ezekiel employs these expressions in these formulae. Wherever
dispersal is the issue, gôyim parallels ‘a¡rËs≥ôt, ‘lands’ . . . . With the exception of 36:24,
however, announcements of regathering prefer ‘ammîm opposite ‘a¡rËs≥ôtâ€. See D. BLOCK,
The Book of Ezekiel. Chapters 1–24 (NICOT; Grand Rapids 1997) 352, n.38 (though Ezek
25,7 constitutes another exception).
(9) The locution is also reversed in Ezek 20,25 and shortened in Ezek 33,15.