Preston Kavanagh, «The Jehoiachin Code in Scripture’s Priestly Benediction», Vol. 88 (2007) 234-244
Coding in the OT is plausible because of the Exile’s profusion of scripture, the Diaspora’s need for secure communication, and the ancient world’s widespread use of cryptography. A code exists in Num 6,24-26 that uses one letter per text word, from words spaced at regular intervals, with letters used in any sequence. Coding of Jehoiachin’s name in the MT’s Priestly Benediction establishes the mid-sixth century B.C.E. as the earliest possible time for the Ketef Hinnom amulets. Moreover, since the Ketef Hinnom scribe appears to have understood nothing of the benediction’s Jehoiachin coding, the amulets could be considerably later than mid-sixth century.
242 Preston Kavanagh
This next note contains sequences for the three non-Jehoiachin words —
Cushi, Shecaniah, and Jecoliah (26). All told, the Priestly Benediction carries
within its short text eighty-seven coded spellings of Jehoiachin (27). The
question is not whether these spellings exist but rather whether they are
coincidental. Before addressing the coincidence question, here is a review:
– Four hundred fifty-six Hebrew personal names contain only the
thirteen letters appearing in Num 6,24-26, the Priestly Benediction
– Computer runs against a large sample of scripture, using particular
rules, established A, B, and other values for frequencies of those 456
names
– Among the particular rules are that each spelling uses one letter per
text word, from text words spaced at regular intervals, with letters in
any sequence
– All 456 names were run against Num 6,24-26 to determine the
presence of A or B values
– Nine Hebrew personal names, six of which are variations of
Jehoiachin, recorded A or B values
– The six Jehoiachin variations made a total of eighty-seven coded
spellings within the benediction’s fifteen text words.
Is the grouping of coded Jehoiachin versions in the Priestly Benediction
a coincidence? Imagine choosing while blindfolded six red balls and three
black balls in nine draws from a vat containing 456 balls, six of them red and
the remaining 450 colored black. The odds against picking all six red balls
(the Jehoiachin spellings) in nine pulls are 1.7 billion to one (28). Understood
in this way, the six A and B groups of Jehoiachin spellings in the Priestly
Benediction cannot have occurred by chance alone. Within the benediction
there is strong evidence of a code that uses one letter per text word, with
letters in any sequence, from text words spaced at regular intervals.
4. Comparing the Amulets with Scripture
The Ketef Hinnom amulets contain fragments of other biblical texts and
end with portions of the Priestly Benediction. Reconstructions by the Barkay
group show differences between the plaques, as well as between them and the
MT’s version of the Priestly Benediction (29). Both amulets lack the second
kaph in the opening word of the MT’s benediction, and Ketef Hinnom II
omits the waw in the benediction’s third word and also drops the waw from
µwlç at the end of the benediction. The Ketef Hinnom I text breaks off after the
benediction’s sixth word, while the scribe incising amulet II either committed
(26) Intervals, verses, and starting words for yçwk are: (1) 24-1; 25-3, 4, 5; 26-1, 2, 3, 4;
(2) 24-1, 3; 25-2, 4; (3) 24-3; 25-1, 3; (4) 24-1, 3. For whynkç: (1) 24-1, 2, 3; 25-1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
26-1, 2; (2) 24-1, 3; 25-2. For whylky: (1) 24-2, 3; 25-2, 3, 4, 5; 26-1, 2; (2) 24-1, 2, 3; 25-1, 2.
(27) Jehoiachin spellings in items 3–8 of table 2 total 87 (14 + 13 + 14 + 15 + 10 + 21).
(28) P = a combination of (9 choose 6) (447 choose 3) / 456 choose 9 = 5.72 x 10-10.
(This is known as a hypergeometric probability since the sampling is partitioned without
replacement.)
(29) BARKAY – LUNDBERG – VAUGHN – ZUCKERMAN, “Amulets from Ketef Hinnomâ€,
has the reconstructions on 61 and 68.