D.W. Kim, «What Shall We Do? The Community Rules of Thomas in the ‘Fifth Gospel’», Vol. 88 (2007) 393-414
This article argues for the diversity of early Christianity in terms of religiocultural communities. Each early Christian group, based on a personal revelation of leadership and the group’s socio-political milieu, maintained its own tradition (oral, written, or both) of Jesus for the continuity and prosperity of the movement. The leaders of early Christianity allowed outsiders to become insiders in the condition where the new comers committed to give up their previous religious attitude and custom and then follow the new community rules. The membership of the Thomasine group is not exceptional in this case. The Logia tradition of P. Oxy. 1, 654.655, and NHC II, 2. 32: 10-51: 28 in the context of community policy will prove the pre-gnostic peculiarity of the creative and independent movement within the Graeco-Roman world.
What Shall We Do? The Community Rules 403
will set before you)â€, come to light (55). The significance of inner purity
in the NHC II, 2. 35: 24-35: 27 (56), is taken in the context of defiling a
person who is not specifically identified. The Logion of Jesus, in
relation to communicating with other people, warns the careful use of
the “tapro (mouth)†(57). In other words, the text explains that food
does not defile the consumer, but the thoughts of people need to be
controlled before spitting them out. The mutual attitude of a “human
relationship skill†is depicted in the judgmental saying of this Jewish
formalism: “Do not be concerned from morning until evening … about
what you will wear†(58). The Nag Hammadi text only mentions
materialism in that clothes are for an outlook only, but the P. Oxy. 655.
1-17 details the agony of a person’s heart with the additional issue of
“trofhv (food)â€: “neither [about] your [food] and what [you will] eat,
[nor] about [your clothing] and what you [will] wear†(59). Here, the
oxyrhynchus word of encouragement reflects that the members of the
community (or the readers of the text) should realise the issue of the
material world is not solved by one’s outlook or the quality of food,
but by the sophia of the Provider: “When you have no garment …
Who might add to your stature? He it is who will give you your
cloakâ€(60).
The internal purity policy of Thomas is seen in another scenario of
Jesus, in which the formal attitude of washing the outside of the cup is
criticised as unnecessary behaviour: “why do you wash the outside of
the cup?†(61). The second negative question of Jesus in the same
saying is narrated as that the outside of the cup cannot be different
from the inside, since “the cup-Maker’ is the same person as the
(55) After the anti-saying of fasting, prayer, and almsgiving. Logion 14,4-5.
(56) “For what goes into your mouth will not defile you, but that which issues
from your mouth — it is that which will defile youâ€.
(57) Thomas followed Matthew twice in using the specific word ‘tapro
(mouth): this is quoted by McArthus in terms of the dependence of Thomas on
the Synoptic Gospels. But his view is quite irrelevant, rather, it is clearer that
Thomas is close to Q, since many scriptures of Matthew are part of Q. H.K.
MCARTHUR, “The Dependence of the Gospel of Thomas on the Synopticsâ€, ET
71 (1960) 286-287.
(58) NHC II, 2. 39,24-27.
(59) One could assume that the redactor of the Coptic text omitted some of the
Greek phrase of Thomas whether this was done deliberately or not. For a brief
authenticity of Thomas, see R.MC L. WILSON, “The Coptic ‘Gospel of Thomas’â€,
NTS 5 (1959) 273-276.
(60) P. Oxy. 655. 13-17.
(61) Logion 89.