Lars Kierspel, «'Dematerializing' Religion: Reading John 2–4 as a Chiasm», Vol. 89 (2008) 526-554
After offering a critical analysis of Moloney’s synthetical parallelism for John 2–4, this article argues for a chiastic structure of the Cana-to-Cana cycle which directs the reader from the visible signs (2,1-12+4,43-54) and physical properties of religion (2,13-22+4,1-42) to Jesus as the metaphysical agent of
God’s salvation and judgment (3,1-21+3,22-36). The new 'dematerialized' faith thereby subverts expectations of material restoration and reorients the believing eye not towards a sanctuary but towards the Son.
552 Lars Kierspel
chiasm defines “seeing†(3,5.36) as believing in the Son who
mediates salvation (3,1-21) and judgment (3,22-36). In other words,
the Gospel deconstructs an old worldview and establishes a new one.
While the miracles do demonstrate divine power, the evangelist
sharply disconnects that power from Jerusalem and Gerizim as
traditional locations of divine presence. By offering an object and a
mode of worship that operates without ocular support (2,19; 4,24),
the evangelist subverts expectations of material restoration and
reorients the believing eye not towards a sanctuary (e.g., Ps 63,2) but
towards the Son (108).
IV. Summary & Conclusion
1. Moloney’s primary focus on different people’s journey of faith
(fides qua creditur) does not do justice to the author’s elaborate
efforts to expound on Christological and soteriological foundations
as the object of faith (fides quae creditur). The major theme and kind
of parallels suggested by Moloney capture only part of the content
and overlook important clues that point to a different structural and
theological design.
2. While the Cana-to-Cana inclusio alone does not necessitate
further concentric progression of the text, the Gospel’s first theological
climax in John 3 presents an obvious literary center that functions as a
structural balance to both shmei'a and strengthens a spatial perception
of the narrative. The real challenge for our chiastic proposal then seems
to be found in the parallels between the temple cleansing (2,13-23) and
Jesus’ dialogue with the Samaritan woman (4,1-42). Their termino-
logical (‘Jerusalem,’ ‘hour ’) and theological links (replacement motif)
demonstrate their shared thrust of new worship in antithesis to tradi-
tional locations and traditions. Furthermore, the theological surplus of
4,1-42 builds on the parallel and prior reading of 2,13-23 and functions
as a commentary thereof. The Christological orientation of worship in
“(S)spirit and truth†(4,23.24) and the missiological inclusion of
Gentiles (4,31-38) depend on an ideological break with Jerusalem and
confessions of him as “prophet†(6,14), “king†(6,15) or “Christ†(7,31) that fall
short of grasping his “glory†(2,11; 1,14) and true mission (3,16).
(108) It would be the worthwhile task of a separate study to trace this theme of
dematerialization in the Gospel outside of John 2–4.