George C. Heider, «The Gospel according to John: The New Testament’s Deutero-Deuteronomy?», Vol. 93 (2012) 68-85
The article examines parallels in canonical function between Deuteronomy and John. Following clarification of the significance of «canonical function», the essay investigates first external parallels between the two books that impact their reading especially within their sections of the OT and NT. It then looks at internal components of the books that contribute to their larger canonical role, with especial attention paid to the role of the future community as implied readership, rhetorical devices, location, and claims of final authority and sufficiency. The article concludes with a proposal regarding ways in which the two books do, indeed, function within their testamental canons in like ways.
80 GEORGE C. HEIDER
Moving to “location†in a still more figurative (yet related) sense,
the similarities between the two books become even more apparent.
Both Deuteronomy and John employ stark, bipolar construals of
reality involving the community’s self-identity. In Deuteronomy the
community is called to exclusive devotion to YHWH (most famously
in the Great Shema, Deut 6,4), and the corollary of its choice is either
life or death (Deut 30,15-20). From the outset, John’s Gospel contrasts
life/light with darkness and therefore death (John 1,4-5); indeed, Jesus
himself is light (John 8,12), so that to reject him is to be blind (John
9,40-41). Both books delineate clearly between those who are in
the community and outsiders, whether they be denominated “the
nations†(especially of the Canaanite variety) in Deuteronomy or
v /
“the Jews†(οi` Ιουδαι οι) in John.
What, then, does our consideration of the issue of location (broadly
construed) in Deuteronomy and John contribute to the discussion?
First, as already noted, the overlap in how physical locations are
mentioned and treated establishes a distinctive link between the two
books that reasonably leads one to ask where else they might share
similarities. More to the point, the uncompromising insistence upon
fidelity to the words and voice of this mediator (Deut 5,5.22-33; John
8,31-32; 10,27) and the explicit boundaries set around this community
lend to these books an inclination toward what might pejoratively be
termed “triumphalism†vis-à -vis others and the works of others.
Indeed, both books claim a finality that seems intent on excluding the
need for further revelation or mediators. Deuteronomy asserts after
Moses’ recitation of the “ten words†that “he [YHWH] added no moreâ€
(5,5), and it asserts at the conclusion of the book that “Never since
has there arisen a prophet in Israel like Moses, whom the LORD knew
face to face†(34,10) 28. Similarly, the final edition of the Fourth
Gospel concludes:
sees loss of “location†and oppression from outside of the community only as
a consequence of unfaithfulness to YHWH (Deut 28,15-68), while John antici-
pates them as the result of faithfulness to Jesus (John 15,18-25). We may fairly
attribute this difference, I believe, to the internal factors that generated the two
books. It is the resultant loss of place and (as discussed immediately below)
the “we/they†dynamic that invite our present attention.
28
Even Moses’ famous promise in Deut 18,15 (“The LORD your God will
raise up for you a prophet like me from among your own peopleâ€) does not
undercut Moses’ primacy: such a future prophet will be authentic simply be-
cause he is like Moses.