Sam Creve - Mark Janse - Kristoffel Demoen, «The Pauline Key Words pneu=ma and sa/rc and their Translation.», Vol. 20 (2007) 15-31
This paper examines the meaning of the Pauline key words pneu=ma and sa/rc and the way they are rendered in recent Bible translations. The first part presents a new approach to lexical semantics called cognitive grammar by which the various meanings of pneu=ma and sa/rc are represented as networks connected by semantic relations such as metonymy and metaphor. The second part investigates the way in shich recent Bible translations navigate between concordant and interpretative translation: pneu=ma is generally translated concordantly as «S/spirit», whereas sa/rc is often rendered interpretatively to avoid the traditional concordant translation «flesh».
28 Sam Creve, Mark Janse, Kristoffel Demoen
(5c) So then, no human being can be found upright at the tribunal of God
by keeping the Law (NJB)
(5d) Therefore by the deeds of the law no flesh will be justified in His
sight (NKJ)
(6a) εá½Î¸Îως οὠπÏοσανεθÎμην σαÏκὶ καὶ αἵματι (Gal 1,16)
(6c) I was in no hurry to confer with any human being (NJB)
(6d) I did not immediately confer with flesh and blood (NKJ)
(7a) Τί οὖν á¼Ïοῦμεν εὑÏηκÎναι ἈÏÏαὰμ τὸν Ï€ÏοπάτοÏα ἡμῶν κατὰ
σάÏκα; (Rom 4,1)
(7c) What then shall we say that Abraham, our forefather, discovered in
this matter? (NIV).
(7d) Then what do we say about Abraham, the ancestor from whom we
are descended physically? (NJB).
(7e) What then shall we say that Abraham our father has found according
to the flesh? (NKJ).
(8a) Ἐφ’ ὅσον μὲν οῦν εἰμι εγὼ á¼Î¸Î½á¿¶Î½ ἀπόστολος, τὴν διακονίαν μου
δοξάζω, εἴ πως παÏαζηλώσω μου τὴν σάÏκα καὶ σώσω τινὰς á¼Î¾ αá½Ï„ῶν.
(Rom 11,13-14).
(8c) Inasmuch as I am the apostle to the Gentiles, I make much of my
ministry in the hope that I may somehow arouse my own people to envy and
save some of them. (NIV).
(8d) As far as I am an apostle to the gentiles, I take pride in this work of
service; and I want it to be the means of rousing to envy the people who are
my own blood-relations and so of saving some of them. (NJB).
(8e) Inasmuch as I am an apostle to the Gentiles, I magnify my ministry,
if by any means I may provoke to jealousy those who are my flesh and save
some of them. (NKJ).
seat of characteristics and conduct (3)
(10a) ΦανεÏá½° δΠá¼ÏƒÏ„ιν Ï„á½° á¼”Ïγα τῆς σαÏκός, ἅτινά á¼ÏƒÏ„ιν ποÏνεία,
ἀκαθαÏσία, ἀσÎλγεια, … (Gal 5,19).
(10b) The acts of the sinful nature are obvious: sexual immorality, im-
purity and debauchery,... (NIV).
(10c) When self-indulgence is at work the results are obvious: sexual vice,
impurity, and sensuality,... (NJB).
(10d) Now the works of the flesh are evident, which are: adultery, forni-
cation, uncleanness,... (NKJ).
(11a) ... ἵνα τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ νόμου πληÏωθῇ á¼Î½ ἡμῖν τοῖς μὴ κατὰ σάÏκα
πεÏιπατοῦσιν ἀλλὰ κατὰ πνεῦμα. (Rom 8,4).
(11b) ... in order that the righteous requirements of the law might be fully
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