This article resolves the semantic, syntactic, and lexical requirements for the grammatical use of the twenty-nine New Testament verbs that designate communication without a necessary reference to speaking. The discussion establishes criteria for distinguishing verbal usages, identifies four basic usages of non-spoken communication, and examines the conditions for the permissible omission of required complements. The presentation of the licensing properties of verbs with the four basic usages clarifies the similarities and dissimilarities in the realizations of complements for verbs of non-spoken and spoken communication and illustrates two further usages that are restricted to verbs of non-spoken communication. The concluding discussion considers patterns in the distribution of complements and usages among verbs of non-spoken communication.
The Licensing Properties of New Testament Verbs of Non-Spoken Communication 49
Τὰ κατ' ἐμὲ πάντα γνωρίσει ὑμῖν Τύχικοϛ (Col 4,7)
Tychicus will make known to you all the things concerning me.
ὅταν ἔλθῃ ἐκεῖνος, ἀναγγελεῖ ἡμῖν ἅπαντα (John 4,25)
When [the Christ] comes, he will announce to us all things.
The N+acc Content occurs with the DNC and INC Experiencer with
ten verbs (100):14
Οὐκ ἔγραψα δὲ ταῦτα, ἵνα οὕτως γένηται ἐν ἐμοί (1 Cor 9,15)
I do not write [to you Corinthians, cf. 9,12] these things so that they may
happen in this way in my case.
αὐτοὶ ἐξηγοῦντο τὰ ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ (Luke 24,35)
They told [to the eleven and their companions, cf. 24,33] the things hap-
pening on the road.
In all other occurrences of Usage ACE, the Content remains unreal-
ized. The DNC Content occurs with N+dat, DNC, and INC Experiencer
with ten verbs (41):15
2 Pet 3,1; 1 John 1,4; 2,1.7.8.26; 5,13; 2 John 5; 3 John 9; δείκνυμι (24), Matt 4,8; 8,4;
Mark 1,44; 14,15; Luke 4,5; 5,14; 20,24; 22,12; 24,40; John 5,20a.20b; 10,32; 14,8.9; 20,20;
Acts 7,3; 1 Cor 12,31; Heb 8,5; Jas 2,18a.18b; Rev 17,1; 21,9.10; 22,1; δεικνύω (2), John
2,18; Rev 22,8; ἐμφανίζω (2), John 14,21.22; ἐνδείκνυμαι (1), 2 Tim 4,14; ἐνεύω (1), Luke
1,62; ἐπιδείκνυμι (5), Matt 16,1; 22,19; 24,1; Luke 17,14; Heb 6,17; μηνύω (1), Acts 23,30;
ὑποδείκνυμι (1), Acts 20,34; φανερόω (10), Mark 16,12.14; John 1,31; 7,4; 17,16; 21,1a.14;
2 Cor 5,11a; Col 1,26; 1 John 1,2b; N+acc/P/πρός [+acc]: γνωρίζω (1), Phil 4,6; ἐμφανίζω
(1), Acts 23,22; ἐνδείκνυμαι (1), Tit 3,2; φανερόω (1), 2 Cor 7,12.
14
AC/E, N+acc/DNC: ἀποδείκνυμι (3), Acts 2,22; 25,7; 1 Cor 4,9; ἀποκαλύπτω (10),
Rom 1,17.18; 8,18; Gal 1,16; 3,23; 2 Thess 2,3.6.8; 1 Pet 1,5; 5,1; γνωρίζω (4), Rom 9,22.23;
16,26; Eph 6,19; γράφω (30), Matt 26,24; Mark 9,13; 10,4; 14,21; Luke 10,26; 18,31 [N+dat
is a complement of τελεσθήσεται]; 20,17; 21,22; 22,37; 24,44; John 12,16; 20,30.31; Acts
13,29; 23,25; 24,14; Rom 16,22; 1 Cor 4,6.14; 9,15; 15,54; 2 Cor 2,3; 4,13; 13,10; Gal 3,10b;
Heb 10,7; Rev 1,3; 10,4b; 22,18.19; δείκνυμι (2), 1 Tim 6,15; Jas 3,13; ἐνδείκνυμαι (9), Rom
2,15; 9,17.22; 2 Cor 8,24; Eph 2,7; 1 Tim 1,16; Tit 2,10; Heb 6,10 [gen
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