Eckhard Schnabel, «The Meaning of Baptizein in Greek, Jewish, and Patristic
Literature.», Vol. 24 (2011) 3-40
The treatment of the Greek term Baptizein in the standard English lexicons is unsystematic. The use of the English term ‘to baptize’ for the Greek term Baptizein in English versions of the New Testament is predicated on the assumption that the Greek verb has a technical meaning which warrants the use of a transliteration. Since the first fact is deplorable and the second fact is unsatisfactory, an investigation into the meaning of the Greek term in Greek, Jewish, and patristic literary and documentary texts is called for in order to define the meaning of the term in classical and Hellenistic Greek with more precision than usually encountered in New Testament research, with a view to construct a more helpful lexicon entry for Baptizein.
34 Eckhard J. Schnabel
Papyrus, P. Paris 47 (UPZ I 70): ὅτι ψεύδηι πάντα καὶ οἱ παρὰ σὲ θεοὶ ὁμοίως,
ὅτι ἐνβέβληκαν ἡμᾶς εἰς ὕλην μεγάλην καὶ οὗ δυνάμεθα ἀποθανεῖν καὶ ἐὰν ἴδῃς
ὅτι μέλλομεν σωθῆναι, τότε βαπτιζόμεθα (“because you lie [regarding] all and the
gods that are with you also, because they have thrown us into a great morass and
therein we could die, and if you have seen [in a dream] that we are going to be saved
[from it], it is at this very time that we are overwhelmed”; U. Wilcken)76 (II).
Septuagint, Isa. 21:4: ἡ καρδία μου πλανᾶται, καὶ ἡ ἀνομία με βαπτίζει, ἡ ψυχή
μου ἐφέστηκεν εἰς φόβον (“My heart wanders, and lawlessness overwhelms me; my
soul has turned to fear”; M. Silva) (II).
Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 1.73: τὴν δὲ δευτέραν μοῖραν οἱ
βασιλεῖς παρειλήφασιν εἰς προσόδους, ἀφ’ ὧν εἴς τε τοὺς πολέμους χορηγοῦσι καὶ
τὴν περὶ αὑτοὺς λαμπρότητα διαφυλάττουσι, καὶ τοὺς μὲν ἀνδραγαθήσαντας
δωρεαῖς κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν τιμῶσι, τοὺς δ’ ἰδιώτας διὰ τὴν ἐκ τούτων εὐπορίαν
οὐ βαπτίζουσι ταῖς εἰσφοραῖς (“The second part of the country [i.e. Egypt] has
been taken over by the kings for their revenues, out of which they pay the cost of
their wars, support the splendour of their court, and reward with fitting gifts any
who have distinguished themselves; and they do not swamp the private citizens by
taxation, since their income from these revenues gives them a great plenty”; C. H.
Oldfather) (I).
Philo, Legum allegoriae 3.18: καὶ διαβαίνει τὸν τῶν αἰσθητῶν ποταμὸν τὸν
ἐπικλυζοντα καὶ βαπτίζοντα τῇ φορᾷ τῶν παθῶν τὴν ψυχήν (“and so he crosses
over the river of the objects affecting the outward senses, which wash over and
threaten to submerge the soul by the impetuosity of the passions”; C. D. Yonge) (I).77
Philo, De migratione Abrahami 204: τὸν γὰρ σῖτον ἀποπεμπτοῦν κελεύει, τὸ
δέ ἐστιν ὕλας καὶ τροφὰς ἀφθόνους θησαυροφυλακεῖν ταῖς πέντε αἰσθήσεσιν,
ὅπως ἑκάστη τῶν οἰκείων ἀνεπισχέτως ἐμπιπλαμένη τρυφᾷ καὶ τὸν νοῦν τοῖς
ἐπεισφορουμένοις βαρύνουσα βαπτίζῃ (“or he commands them to take a fifth
part of the corn, that is to say, to store up in the treasury abundant materials and
76
The translation is adapted from F. Winter, in Peter Arzt-Grabner, Ruth Elisabeth
Kritzer, Amphilochios Papathomas, Franz Winter., 1. Korinther (Papyrologische Kommen-
tare zum Neuen Testament 2; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006), p. 72, who fol-
lows U. Wilcken. The text is a letter from the archive of the Temple of Sarapis in Memphis,
written by a certain Apollonios to his older brother Ptolemaios who relates the shock that
his faith in the gods suffered when Ptolemaios’ dreams did not come true. See Winter, ibid.
pp. 72-73 n. 69, who rejects the interpretation of R. Reitzenstein who had attempted to
interpret the letter as evidence for ‘baptism’ in a mystery religion (i.e. meaning 1b).
77
G. H. Whitaker (LCL) translates ″that swamps and drowns the soul under the flood
of the passions.⁇