Jonathan Grossman, «The Design of the ‘Dual Causality’ Principle in the Narrative of Absalom’s Rebellion», Vol. 88 (2007) 558-566
The principle of dual causality, according to which the same event is projected
twice for two different reasons — Divine and human — is known among scholars
and researchers of the Bible. One of the outstanding narratives in which this
principle becomes evident to the reader is Absalom’s rebellion: the narrator tells
the story in terms of political conflict, but hints of a deeper explanation, which
sees the rebellion as a Divine punishment for David. This paper portrays how
ambiguous expressions were employed in order to form the principle of dual
causality in this narrative.
560 Jonathan Grossman
deliberate ambiguity that contributes to the design of the message of the story:
the narrator implies that it is both God and Boaz (9).
In this paper, we shall examine how in the story of Absalom’s rebellion,
the narrator has used this literary device, the ambiguous expression, in order
to encourage the reader to interpret the events as deriving from two sources:
the human one and the Divine one.
I. “As if a man would inquire of the word of God†(16,23)
Between the two pieces of advice that Ahithophel had given Absalom
there is a comment of the narrator expressing much appreciation of
Ahithophel’s advice: “And the counsel of Ahithophel, which he counseled in
those days, was as if a man would inquire of the word of God: so was all the
counsel of Ahithophel both with David and with Absalom†(16,23). This
intervention of the narrator, especially here, serves two functions. On one
hand, it clarifies why Absalom had accepted Ahithophel’s advice to lie with
David’s mistresses (22). On the other hand, As Bar-Efrat and Fokkelman
claim, it increases the tension towards the next scene, in which Ahithophel
will counsel Absalom to pursue David immediately, while Hushai tries to
prevent him from doing so (17,4-11) (10).
The order in which the facts are given in the story has crucial significance
for giving meaning to each fact (11). It is hard to exaggerate the importance of
this matter and often, a slight change in the location of a linguistic expression
gives it a totally new meaning (12). In the story of Absalom’s rebellion as well,
the order in which the facts are given generates hidden meaning. For example,
the fact that the narrator tells the reader about David’s prayer — “O LORD, I
pray thee, turn the counsel of Ahithophel into foolishness†(15,31) — just
before he tells the reader about David meeting Hushai implies to the reader to
decode the meaning of Hushai in the story as God granting David his request
and already at this stage, the reader feels that Hushai is the one who will
succeed in thwarting Ahithophel’s counsel (13). In Gunn’s words: “As it
transpires, Hushai is instrumental in thwarting Ahithophel and so may be seen
as the answer to David’s curse against the counselor in the immediately
(9) M.J. BERNSTEIN, “Two Multivalent Readings in the Ruth Narrativeâ€, JSOT 50
(1991) 15-26, 16, n. 1; C.J. COLLINS, “Ambiguity and Theology in Ruth: Ruth 1:21 and
2:20â€, Presbyterian 19 (1993) 97-102.
(10) S. BAR-EFRAT, Narrative Art in the Bible (JSOTSS 70; Sheffield 1992) 26;
FOKKELMAN, Narrative Art in Samuel, 205. And compare: CASPARI, “Literary Typeâ€, 73-74.
(11) M. PERRY, “Literary Dynamics: How the Order of a Text Creates Its Meaningâ€,
Literature 28 (1979) 6-46; M. STERNBERG, “The Truth vs. All the Truth: The Rendering of
Inner Life in Biblical Narrativeâ€, Literature 29 (1979) 126-129.
(12) See, for example: T. NOVICK, “‘Almost, at Times, the Fool’: Abimelekh and
Genesis 20â€, Prooftexts 24 (2004) 277-290. This is true not only regarding the design of
the small literary unit, but also the editing of a complete cycle of stories. See, for example:
J. GROSSMAN, “Divine Command and Human Initiative: A Literary View on Numbers 25-
31â€, Biblical Interpretation 15 (2007) 54-79.
(13) FOKKELMAN, Narrative Art in Samuel, 191; BAR-EFRAT, Narrative Art, 28.