“He Filled Zion with Justice and Righteousness” 503 has some work to do through the enemy, but as soon as he will have finished this work (in the future), the enemy will be destroyed. The first expansion of this text is a communal lament with a prayer summoning YHWH to take action (vv. 2-3), a presentation of the cause of the lamentation (vv. 5.7-9), and an oracle reacting to the prayer (vv. 10-12). This expansion takes up the former prediction at the moment which is considered the time that YHWH has completed his work in Jerusalem. Unlike it is generally assumed, Isa 33,5 deals with the judgment and not the salvation of Jerusalem. God’s intervention in v. 5 is the deserved reaction to Judah’s act of breaking the covenant and treaty obligations towards his vassal and implicitly towards his God. This first expansion of 33,1+4 presupposes that Jerusalem is under judgment and looks forward to the destruction of the enemy. The second expansion of the text is 33,6+13-24. This pericope, presenting an expanded form of entrance liturgies, takes up motifs appearing in vv. 1-12, especially vs. 5, but interprets them in a new way. The theme of the prophecy also shifts from the destruction of the enemy to the topic of who may dwell in Jerusalem, the city about to be restored. The restoration of the city is described in imaginary pictures relying on cultic-mythological traditions. Vv. 17.21 presuppose that there will be a human king in the city, the handsome and mighty one of YHWH, offering security. The text of this layer of the prophecy suggests a distance in space from Zion. As for the contextual aspect of Isa 33, it was pointed out that 33,1+4 presents close similarities with Assyria-related prophecies and should perhaps be dated to the late Assyrian era. The communal lament which has v. 5 as its central text, gives a renewed understanding of Isa 5,16 and 2,5-22. This text is related to an assault against Jerusalem sometimes around 598 or 587. The final expansion, 33,6+13-24, presents the human king of Jerusalem as an anti-type of the Assyrian monarch, “the strong and mighty one of the Lord” (10,34; 28,2) and “the sweeping flood” (8,7-8; 28,2.15.17-18). The similarities in the description of Jerusalem in 32,14-20 suggest that the two texts may derive from the same author. Isa 33,6+13-24 addresses Jewish people with different attitudes towards YHWH, who still live far away from Zion, whose walls have not yet been built. The disappearance of the enemy and the concern with the return to and dwelling in Jerusalem suggest that this expansion comes from not long after 539 B.C. It probably intended to convince exiles to return to Judah. Isa 33 always functioned as a closing text — first when concluding