“He Filled Zion with Justice and Righteousness” 493 plunderers of the enemy with Zion. At the same time, the imagery of lame is connected to the sickness-theme of v. 24. To conclude, vv. 13-24 form a coherent unit in which we find allusions to the earlier part of the prophecy, suggesting that this passage was composed in view of the former text. However, its focus on the returnees and the description of a new Jerusalem, the different addressees, as well as the reinterpretation of the earlier motifs suggest that vv. 13-24 derives from a later occasion than vv. 1-12. As noted, v. 6 belongs neither to vv. 1+4, nor to vv. 2-3+5+7-12. Its focus and intention is akin to vv. 13-24, for both of which v. 5 is a central text, interpreted differently from its original meaning. V. 6 reads 33,5 as a prediction for the future (76) in which fpvm and hqdx have positive connotations for Israel, the god-fearing people. Similarly v. 15, connects fpvm and hqdx to the righteous life of the god-fearing inhabitants of Zion (cf. Isa 1,21). As the protection of the city is warranted by YHWH, the stronghold (ˆsj), in v. 6, so also v. 16 (cf. vv. 20-23) places the emphasis on the security of Jerusalem, the μymwrm and bgcm, alluding to bgcn and μwrm in v. 5. To sum up, Isa 33 is not one literary unit, but a complex composition of three distinctive passages. Vv. 1+4 is the basic text, expanded in a secondary stage by vv. 2-3+5+7-12, which forms a communal lament. As a third step vv. 6+13-24 were added, which formally represent an elaborated version of entrance-liturgies. The following section is supposed to clarify the theological background and the intertextual relationships of these passages. II. Isaiah 33 in its Context 1. Isa 33,1+4: The Primary Text The earliest text on which all subsequent expansions are built is the ywh- c r y of 33,1+4. The combination ddwv and dgwb used in connection with the enemy also appears (in reversed order) in Isa 21,2, hinting at literary relationship. In Isa 21,2 ddwv and dgwb refer to Babylon (77), who (76) alm qatal allows this; cf. note 24 above. (77) According to BEUKEN (“Jesaja 33”, 15), ddwv and dgwb refer to the Elamites and Medians (Persians) both in Isa 21,2 and 33,1 (cf. also BERGES, Jesaja, 243). This identification creates difficulties for 21,1-10, where only these two verbs explain why Babylon is destroyed. For Chaldea as dgwb and ddwv in 21,2, see D.S. VANDERHOOFT, The Neo-Babylonian Empire and Babylon in the Latter Prophets (HSM 59; Atlanta, GA 1999) 130, n. 37.