494 Csaba Balogh causes the groaning (htjna) of the oppressed, inciting the intervention of YHWH by way of Elam and Media. Does Isa 33,1 also refer to Babylon? Intertextual allusions do not necessarily imply identical interpretations. Although 33,1 is in general considered secondary to 21,2, it seems rather that the opposite is the case. Isa 21 does not clarify to whose groaning (78) YHWH replies by punishing the ddwv and dgwb. From the larger context of 33,1, however, it becomes clear that it has caused much suffering to Judah (33,7-9). “Her groaning” (htjna) in 21,2 may actually allude to the prayer of the oppressed people in 33,2- 3(79). Isa 21,2 can therefore be explained from (i.e. it presupposes) 33,1. Another probable case of intertextuality in 33,1 depends on a textual emendation. Rashi and many others suggested that ˚tlnk (from the hapax hln) should be emended to ˚tlkk (80), a variant confirmed by 1QIsaa and supported by the syntax (81). If the reading ˚tlkk is accepted, then the word pair μmt and hlk, as well as ddwv, bring v. 1 particularly close to Isa 16,4, which also speaks about the disappearance of the — most likely Assyrian (82) — oppressor. The possible Assyrian addressee behind 33,1+4 is underlined by comparing its message to Isa 10,12 (83). In Isa 10, YHWH promises to punish the proud Assyria after he has finished all his work in Zion which points to a common theology behind these verses (temporised punishment). Besides, the above noted imagery of locusts in 33,4 may also remind us of Assyria (Nah 3,15-17) as the primary addressee (84). Insofar as other ywh-prophecies in the collection of Isa 28–32 can at (78) Note the 3rd pers. sg. fem. suffix in ht;j;n“a'. (79) For Babylon as dgwb, cf. Isa 24,16 (?); Hab 1,13; 2,5. For ddwv, see Isa 16,4; Jer 6,26; 12,12; 15,8; 48,8.18.32; Jer 51,48.53.56. (80) From hlk, ‘to finish / complete’. Cf. BDB 649; DUHM, Jesaia, 240; ROBERTS, “Isaiah 33”, 18. For μmt and hlk used together, see also Isa 16,4; Jer 44,27; Lam 3,22; Dan 9,24. The n > k change, cf. E. WÜRTHWEIN, Der Text des Alten Testaments. Eine Einführung in die Biblia Hebraica (Stuttgart 51988) 119. (81) When hlk is related to a verb, it is generally followed by l + inf. Cf. Gen 17,22; 18,33; 24,19; 43,2; Ex 31,18; Deut 26,12; Josh 19,49; Ruth 3,3; 1 Kgs 3,1; Jer 51,63; Amos 7,2. The only exception is Dan 12,7. (82) This could be inferred from the friendly attitude towards Moab which changed considerably in the post-exilic period. It is not clear though whether Assyria has actually fallen or only left the country. It may be Isa 16,4, which alludes to 33,1+4. (83) Cf. also ROBERTS, “Isaiah 33”, 19. (84) The attack of the enemy against Assyria is also typified as a locust invasion in Nah 2 (cf. Joel 1–2; Jer 51,14). As BEUKEN (“Jesaja 33”, 16) noted, the imagery of booty also appears in Assyria-related contexts in Isa 8,1.4; 10,6.14.