Stephan Witetschek, «Artemis and Asiarchs. Some Remarks on Ephesian Local Colour in Acts 19», Vol. 90 (2009) 334-355
Luke’s account about Paul’s stay in Ephesos (Acts 19) is well known for its strong local colour, two elements of which are studied in this contribution: the asiarchs (19,31) and the title newko/roj (temple-warden) for Ephesos (19,35). The appearance of asiarchs in Acts questions the view that the asiarchs were the highpriests of the provincial imperial cult. Acts 19,35 contributes to the discussion about city-titles in the 1st-3rd centuries CE. In both instances, Acts is a source not so much for the narrated time of Paul, but rather for Luke’s own time, and as such of interest for both exegetes and historians.
350 Stephan Witetschek
documents, boast to be tri;" newkovro" prwvth, di;" me;n tw'n Sebastw'n,
a{pax de; th'" ΔArtevmido" (IvE 300).
This has considerable implications for the study of Acts 19,35: This
verse is the earliest clear attestation of Ephesos as newkovro" of
Artemis(59), and as such it is of essential significance for the discussion
among historians. There are, it is true, some coins that are also often
interpreted as evidence for Ephesos as newkovro" of Artemis in the
second half of the 1st century CE, but this interpretation is not
undisputed (60).
Some coins from 65/66 CE feature the title newkovro" for Ephesos:
On RPC I 438, No. 2626; 2627, the obverse shows Nero’s laureate
head and the legend NERWN KAISAR, the reverse a four-column temple
in three-quarter view and the legend AOUIOLA ANQUPATW
AICMOKLHS, NEWKORWN, EF(E). On RPC I 438, No. 2628, the
obverse shows Nero’s laureate head and the legend NERWN KAISAR,
the reverse a six-column temple with two bees and the legend
EFESIWN, NEWKORWN. However, it is not specified to which temple
the designation newkovro" in the legends refers. Since the temples on
these coins do not exactly match what is known about the Artemision,
it is sometimes suggested that these coins refer to a temple of the
provincial imperial cult. The provincial imperial temple and the title
newkovro", it is argued, would have been granted to Ephesos already
under Nero; the latter’s violent death and damnatio memoriae would
have interrupted the construction of the temple and the use of the title,
and both would have been resumed under Domitian (61). This theory
could find some support in the inscription IvE 2034, a dedication from
the theatre which addresses “an emperor who was Germanicus at the
time of his eleventh imperial acclamation, and whose name was later
obliterated†(62). The number of imperial acclamations would apply to
(59) This is also acknowledged by BARRETT, Acts II, 935. PERVO, Acts, 498, n.
117 suspects that this title “may be a bit of an anachronism hereâ€.
(60) For this discussion see also WITETSCHEK, Ephesische Enthüllungen 1,
114-116.
(61) Cf. recently BURRELL, Neokoroi, 60-61; KIRBIHLER, “Les grands-prêtresâ€,
109, n. 19. Against the possible objection that this postulated act by Nero is not
recorded in Tacitus’ Annals, Kirbihler argues that the year 65 with Piso’s
conspiracy was otherwise very exciting so that Tacitus could have omitted this
relatively minor event, and if the neocorate was conferred only in early 66, it
would have been a matter of book 16 of the Annals, which is partly lost. This is
certainly possible, but far from compelling.
(62) BURRELL, Neokoroi, 62.