240 G.K. BEALE have formed part of the way this text was received and understood by the end of the first century A.D. It is true that early Judaism does occasionally have an expecta- tion of an end-time tribulation characterized by false teaching and deception 17. Early Judaism, however, rarely connects this particular expectation with the precise terminology of “hour” (wra), nor ™ does it connect it with an individual end-time opponent (except ap- parently only Sib. Or. 2,160-74 ; 3,63-64 and 5,361-80). In contrast, early Christian literature does link eschatology to an individual ad- versary under the influence of Daniel 7–12, though relatively rarely in connection to the “hour” 18. It is important at this point to mention the possible relevance of 1 Enoch 48,2 (“at that hour the son of man was named”). This pas- sage is in direct connection in the preceding context to ungodly per- secutors of the righteous who will be judged by the “Son of Man” (1 Enoch 46,1–48,1), who will himself vindicate the oppressed s a i n t s . There are a number of Daniel allusions in this section. Among these Daniel allusions is that of the Daniel 7 “Son of Man” and the “hour” in 48,2, which are probably derived from Dan 12,1 (OG), since the resurrection prophecy of Dan 12,2 has just been appealed to in 1 Enoch 47,3 (“and the books of the living were opened ”) 19. This would appear to be the closest parallel to 1 John 2,18 in Judaism with respect to the use of “hour” in direct con- nection to a final tribulation and end-time opponents together with E.g., 4Q169 [= 4QpNah] 3-4 ii.2; and 3-4 iii.3; 1QpHab 2,5-10; CD-A 17 1,12-19 ; 4Q174 1-3 i.8-9.13-16.18-19; T. Jud. 18,1-3 ; T. Iss. 6,1-2 ; T. Zeb. 9,5-8a ; T. Mos. 7,1-10 ; and the early Christian Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah 3,30-31; 4,1-12; cf. 4,1; cf. also T. Dan 5. See Matt 24,5.23.26 (cf. parallels in Mark 13,6.21 [and, e.g., “hour” in 18 Mk. 13,11.32; 14,35.41]; Luke 21,8); 2 Thess 2,3-4; Rev 13,1-8; 17,7-8; 19,19-20 ; Did. 16,3-4 ; Apocalypse of Peter 2 (the latter two also influenced by Matthew 24 and par.). Apocalypse of Elijah, partly under the influence of Matthew 24 and 2 Thess 2,3, includes both deception (3,1.5-18; 4,15) and per- secution (1,10 ; 4,2.7-10), and Mart. Asc. Isa. 4,2-14 (1st-early 2nd cent. A.D.) also includes both in its expectation of the adversary. R. BAUCKHAM, The Climax of Prophecy (Edinburgh 1993) 425-427, considers this section heavily influenced by Daniel. See also BAUCKHAM, Climax of Prophecy, 409-422, for semi-eschatological prophecies in the Sibylline Oracles about Nero as the ad- versary, some of which are modeled on Daniel 7; 8; and 11. I am grateful to my research student, Stefanos Mihalios, for bringing my 19 attention to this text.