Paul Danove, «Verbs of Transference and Their Derivatives of Motion and State in the New Testament: a Study of Focus and Perspective.», Vol. 19 (2006) 53-71
This article identifies 102 New Testament verbs that designate
transference and describes alternative usages of these verbs as derivates of
motion and state. The discussion first considers the manner in which verbs
grammaticalize the event of transference by assuming a particular focus
and perspective on its elements and by indicating the degree of affectedness
of the subject. The study then develops the usages of motion and state in
terms of the exclusion of elements of the event of transference and changes
in focus and perspective. A concluding discussion summarizes the results of
the investigation.
64 Paul Danove
the subject is unaffected and functions as an Agent at the initiation of
motion; whereas verbs that focus on both initiation and termination use
passive forms because the subject functions as a totally affected Theme at
termination. Usages with exclusively middle forms are precluded because
the subject is either unaffected (initiation) or totally affected (termination).
Passivization is impossible because Koine grammar permits only the
new Agent to serve as verbal subject. Since the subject functions as an
Agent only at the initiation of motion, the 21 verbs are restricted to the
perspective in which the new Agent and Source are coincident.
The following discussion identifies four usages of motion that are
numbered consecutively (#10-13) and summarized in the concluding
chart. The discussion also identifies two anomalous usages of motion
associated with one verb. These do not appear in the concluding chart
because they do not constitute direct derivates of transference. The
usages of motion are grouped according to the form of the verb (active or
passive) and the number of entities of the event of motion that the verbs
raise to the status of required arguments (two or one).
3.1. Active Transitive Usages of Motion
Nine verbs focus on the initiation of the event of motion and assume
the perspective in which the new Agent and Source are coincident. This
focus requires the use of active forms, and this perspective permits the
verbs to omit direct consideration of the coincident Source, which may
be retrieved from the Agent, and to raise the Agent and Goal to the
status of required verbal arguments. This usage is deemed transitive
because the verb requires two arguments, one of which is an Agent. The
resulting active usage of Motion to a Goal (#10 on chart) is a primary
usage because it permits the retrieval of all three logical entities of the
event of motion. Seven verbs appear with correlate primary active usages
of transference / motion to a Goal: ἄγω (bring / go [forth]); ἀπάγω (lead
away / go away); βάλλω (place, cast / come against, hurl); á¼Ï€Î¹Î²á½±Î»Î»Ï‰
(put / come); á¼Ï€Î¹Î´á½·Î´Ï‰Î¼Î¹ (deliver / yield); Ï€Ïοσάγω (bring to / come to,
approach); and φέÏω (carry, bring / go):
(Trans.) And he brought him [in]to Jerusalem (Luke 4,9)
ἤγαγεν δὲ αá½Ï„ὸν εἰς ἸεÏουσαλήμ
(Mot.) Let us go again [in]to Judea (John 11,7)
ἄγωμεν εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαίαν πάλιν
One verb with the primary active usage of Motion to a Goal appears
with a variant of motion, and two other verbs appear only with variants
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