Paul Danove, «Christological Implications of the three-fold Interpretation of Verbs of Transference», Vol. 21 (2008) 27-44
This article develops the Christological implications of the three-fold grammatical interpretation of specific passive occurrences of verbs that designate transference with Jesus as the verbal subject. The discussion considers the Greek conceptualizations of transference and motion, the conditions that accommodate a three-fold grammatical interpretation of passive occurrences, and procedures for evaluating the contextual viability of these grammatical interpretations. The discussion then identifies verbal occurrences that admit to a three-fold interpretation with Jesus as subject, clarifies their traditional English translations, and develops the Christological implications of the three-fold interpretation of verbs in Mark 14,41, Heb 9,28, and Acts 1,11.
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Christological implications of the three-fold interpretation of verbs
also coheres grammatically with Jesus’ following use of “go†(ἀπάγω),
a verb of transference with an active usage of motion, to describe his
movement to the locale of his betrayal and arrest. Since this verb with a
usage of motion does not require completion by an Agent, it continues to
accommodate a theological passive interpretation of God as the instiga-
tor of Jesus’ motion and so develops the theme of God’s agency in Jesus’
passion and death. Thus, this interpretation is narratively, thematically,
and grammatically viable in this context.
With the third interpretation (tra. pass.), Jesus the Son of Man
(Agent) hands himself (Theme) over into sinners’ hands (Goal). The pri-
mary grammatical emphasis on the Goal again provides an appropriate
narrative introduction to 14,4-15,41. This interpretation coheres with
and develops Mark’s theme of Jesus’ obedience to God’s will, as recently
evoked in 14,36. The attribution of both instigation and initiation to
Jesus, however, excludes a theological passive interpretation and so does
not address the theme of God’s agency in Jesus’ passion and death. Thus,
this interpretation is narratively and thematically viable in this context.
These considerations confirm the contextual viability of all three gra-
mmatically possible interpretations of παÏαδίδωμι in Mark 14,41 and
recommend that Christological studies of this verse recognize and deve-
lop the implications of the three different but equally viable attributions
of agency associated with these interpretations.
5. The Three-fold Interpretation of Ï€ÏοσφÎÏω in Hebrews 9,28
The following translations illustrate the three grammatically possible
interpretations of Ï€ÏοσφÎÏω (be offered / come / offer oneself) in Heb
9,28:
tra. actt. So also the Christ being offered once to bring up the sins of many…
mot. pass. So also the Christ coming once to bring up the sins of many…
tra. pass. So also the Christ offering himself once to bring up the sins of
many…
οὕτως καὶ ὠΧÏιστὸς ἅπαξ Ï€Ïοσενεχθεὶς εἰς τὸ πολλῶν
ἀνενεγκεῖν á¼Î¼Î±Ïτίας…
With the first interpretation (tra, act.; cf., NAB, NASB, NIV, NJB,
NRSV, REB), an unspecified Agent offers Christ (Theme) to God
(Goal)16. Although the Goal is not realized, it can be retrieved from 9,14
These English translations follow the interpretation of the Vg: “Sic et Christus semel
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oblatus est ad multorum exhaurienda peccata…â€.