26 Eckhard J. Schnabel Galen, De sanitate tuenda 6.51: παρὰ μέν γε τοῖς Γερμανοῖς οὐ καλῶς τρέφεται τὰ παιδία. ἀλλ’ ἡμεῖς γε νῦν οὔτε Γερμανοῖς οὔτε ἄλλοις τισὶν ἀγρίοις ἢ βαρβάροις ἀνθρώποις ταῦτα γράφομεν, οὐ μᾶλλον ἢ ἄρκτοις ἢ λέουσιν ἢ κάπροις ἤ τισι τῶν ἄλλων θηρίων, ἀλλ’ Ἕλλησι καὶ ὅσοι τῷ γένει μὲν ἔφυσαν βάρβαροι, ζηλοῦσι δὲ τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐπιτηδεύματα. τίς γὰρ ἂν ὑπομείνειε τῶν παρ’ ἡμῖν ἀνθρώπων εὐθὺς ἅμα τῷ γεννηθῆναι τὸ βρέφος ἔτι θερμὸν ἐπὶ τὰ τῶν ποταμῶν φέρειν ῥεύματα, κἀνταῦθα, καθάπερ φασὶ τοὺς Γερμανούς, ἅμα τε πεῖραν αὐτοῦ ποιεῖσθαι τῆς φύσεως ἅμα τε κρατύνειν τὰ σώματα, βάπτοντας εἰς τὸ ψυχρὸν ὕδωρ ὥσπερ τὸν διάπυρον σίδηρον; (“Among the Germans, children are not well brought up. But we are not now writing this for the Germans or for any other savage or barbarian people, any more than for bears, boars, lions, or for any of the other wild beasts, but for Greeks and for those who, though born barbarians by nature, yet emulate the culture of the Greeks. For who of us, or of those who dwell with us, would tolerate that a newborn infant, still warm from the womb, should be taken to the waters of the rivers and there, as the Germans say, at the same time to test their nature and toughen their bodies by dipping them into cold water like white-hot iron?”; R. M. Green)62 (ii). Galen, De alimentorum facultatibus 1.24 (538): ἐσθίεται δὲ τῆλις ὑπὸ τινῶν καὶ πρὶν ἐκκαρπῆσαι τὸ φυτὸν αὐτῆς, ἀποβαπτομένων αὐτὴν εἰς ὄξος καὶ γάρον (“Fenugreek is eaten by some people, even before the plant has borne seed, by dip- ping it in vinegar and fish sauce”; O. Powell)63 (ii). Galen, De alimentorum facultatibus 2.50 (636): Ἀνίσχοντα τῆς γῆς ἄρτι τὰ τοιαῦτα φυτά, πρὶν εἰς ἀκάνθας αὐτῶν τελευτῆσαι τὰ φύλλα, πολλοὶ τῶν ἀγροίκων ἐσθίουσιν οὐκ ὠμὰ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ δι’ ὕδατος ἕψοντες, ἐναποβάπτοντες δὲ τὰ μὲν ὠμὰ γάρῳ καὶ ὄξει, τὰ δ’ ἑφθὰ τούτοις αὐτοῖς ἐπιχέοντες ἔλαιον (“When newly emerged from the ground and before their leaves have attained thorns, many people eat such plants not only war, but also boiled in water, dipping the raw ones in fish sauce and vinegar, and pouring oil over the cooked ones as well as this”; O. Powell)64 (ii). 62 Robert M. Green, A Translation of Galen’s Hygiene (De sanitate tuenda) (Spring- field: Thomas, 1951), p. 43. For further references in Galen, who uses βάπτω and βαπτίζω ″with no apparent difference in meaning⁇ see Ferguson, Baptism, pp. 41-42, 44, 50 (quota- tion ibid. p. 50). 63 Owen Powell, Galen: On the Properties of Foodstuffs (De alimentorum facultatibus) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 63. 64 The term ἐναποβάπτειν means ‘to dip quite in’ (cf. the term ἐναποβλέπειν which means ‘to look in and see’); there seems little difference in meaning from βάπτειν and βαπτίζειν.