Preston Kavanagh, «The Jehoiachin Code in Scripture’s Priestly Benediction», Vol. 88 (2007) 234-244
Coding in the OT is plausible because of the Exile’s profusion of scripture, the Diaspora’s need for secure communication, and the ancient world’s widespread use of cryptography. A code exists in Num 6,24-26 that uses one letter per text word, from words spaced at regular intervals, with letters used in any sequence. Coding of Jehoiachin’s name in the MT’s Priestly Benediction establishes the mid-sixth century B.C.E. as the earliest possible time for the Ketef Hinnom amulets. Moreover, since the Ketef Hinnom scribe appears to have understood nothing of the benediction’s Jehoiachin coding, the amulets could be considerably later than mid-sixth century.
The Jehoiachin Code in Scripture’s Priestly Benediction 239
recognizes how the writer spaced the letters of the concealed words. A 1
indicates he or she drew a letter from six consecutive text words, while a 2
means the writer used every second word. The other columns give the starting
and ending words for each spelling.
Here are details about two of the table’s encodings. Item 1 shows a letter
sequence of ˆyyywk and an interval of one. This coding begins at the first word
of Num 6,24, the start of the Priestly Benediction, and ends at the third word
of 6,25. The following shows those six text words with the letters of the
Jehoiachin spelling in bold underline: wyn"p hwhy" ra'y ˚rmçyw hwhy ˚krby. Item 2 in
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the table offers another example. The coded word begins on the same text
word, but has an interval of two. That is, the author draws a letter from every
other text word, starting with the first. A six-letter coded word requires eleven
text words. The appropriate letters of ˆykywy are shown in bold underline:
wynp hwhy açy" ˚njyw ˚yla wynp hwhy" ray ˚rmçyw" hwhy ˚krby. These examples illustrate
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how simply the biblical writer might have conveyed information — should
this prove to be an authentic code. Readers are invited to verify the other
spellings shown in the table.
The benediction numbers fifteen text words, and it conceals fourteen
spellings of Jehoiachin. This is just one short of what a passage of this length
could accommodate. Based upon this, it seemed likely that the Priestly
Benediction was intended to honor the exiled king of Judah. But the question
remained of what other names might be coded in the benediction (18). To
answer this, a list was assembled of every personal Hebrew name in scripture,
including all spelling variations. To this were added names from rabbinic
writings, drawn principally from Marcus Jastrow’s Dictionary (19).
Archaeology also made its contribution with previously unknown Hebrew
names discovered on signature seals (20). The final list of Hebrew personal
names totaled 1,302, ninety-four percent of which are found in the Bible. The
list of biblical names is exhaustive, though those from rabbinic writings and
archaeology are not (and perhaps they cannot be).
The Priestly Benediction contains but thirteen of the twenty-two letters
in the Hebrew alphabet. This permits us to eliminate names that contain any
of the absent letters, leaving 456 names that could have been spelled within
the benediction (21). Many of scripture’s personal names have multiple
spellings, and Jehoiachin with six variations has more than any. In addition,
in 1928 William F. Albright discovered a jar handle with a possible seventh
Jehoiachin variation, one that does not appear in the Bible (22). Six of the seven
(18) I am indebted to H. Chernoff, Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Harvard
University, who raised this question.
(19) M. JASTROW, Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Jerushalmi, and
the Midrashic Literature (New York 1901; reprint 1985).
(20) See, for example, N. AVIGAD, Hebrew Bullae from the Time of Jeremiah
(Jerusalem 1986).
(21) Of the 456 personal Hebrew names, 427 come from the Bible, 27 from
archaeological finds, and 2 from rabbinic sources.
(22) W.F. ALBRIGHT, “The Seal of Eliakim and the Latest Preexilic History of Judah, with
Some Observations on Ezekielâ€, JBL (1932) 81; ID., “King Joiachin in Exileâ€, BA (1942) 50.
Others challenge the identification of ˆkwy with Jehoiachin: A. MALAMAT, “The Twilight of
Judah: in the Egyptian-Babylonian Maelstromâ€, VTS 28 (1975) 138 n. 34; D. USSISHKIN,
“Royal Judean Storage Jars and Private Seal Impressionsâ€, BASOR 223 (1976) 11.