Preston Kavanagh, «The Jehoiachin Code in Scripture’s Priestly Benediction», Vol. 88 (2007) 234-244
Coding in the OT is plausible because of the Exile’s profusion of scripture, the Diaspora’s need for secure communication, and the ancient world’s widespread use of cryptography. A code exists in Num 6,24-26 that uses one letter per text word, from words spaced at regular intervals, with letters used in any sequence. Coding of Jehoiachin’s name in the MT’s Priestly Benediction establishes the mid-sixth century B.C.E. as the earliest possible time for the Ketef Hinnom amulets. Moreover, since the Ketef Hinnom scribe appears to have understood nothing of the benediction’s Jehoiachin coding, the amulets could be considerably later than mid-sixth century.
240 Preston Kavanagh
of these different versions are included among the 456 Hebrew personal
names that could find concealment in the benediction. (The seventh
Jehoiachin variation is whynky, but since it contains the same letters as hynwky, it
need not be considered.)
The 456 had previously been calibrated as to frequency by running them
against a large, randomly drawn sample of scripture (23). The measure of
frequency was the number of coded spellings a single passage contained
divided by its opportunities to make such spellings. The next step was to run
these 456 names against the text of Num 6,24-26. Table 2 shows the results.
Table 2: Personal Names of High Value Concealed
Within Priestly Benediction
Personal Hebrew Biblical Spellings/ Search
Name Spelling Occurrences Opportunities Value
1 Cushi 4 17/30 A
yçwk
2 Shecaniah 2 13/15 A
whynkç
3 Jehoiachin 1 14/15 A
ˆykywy
4 Jehoiachin 6 13/21 A
hynky
5 Jehoiachin 1 14/15 A
hynwky
6 Jehoiachin 6 15/21 B
whynk
7 Jehoiachin 9 10/12 B
ˆykywhy
8 Jehoiachin 0 21/30 B
ˆkwy
9 Jecoliah 1 13/15 B
whylky
This table displays the nine names that the computer search program
selected from all names run against the Priestly Benediction. The table’s first
two columns give the English and Hebrew versions of the names with highest
values. Cushi, Shecaniah, and Jecoliah have one appearance, while
Jehoiachin has six. The center column shows how often each version appears
in Hebrew scripture. Biblical occurrences range from zero (the jar-handle
version of Jehoiachin) to nine.
The table’s next column gives the ratios of coded spellings to
opportunities within Num 6,24-26. Item 3 of that column summarizes what
we already have seen in the prior table. Jehoiachin (ˆykywy) has fourteen
encoded spellings in fifteen opportunities. The spellings/opportunities column
is only half the story. Unseen is how common or rare the coded name might
be within scripture as a whole. Note that Shecaniah with a 13/15 ratio has an
A value while Jecoliah with the same 13/15 ratio draws a B. The reason is that
Shecaniah has a less-usual coded spelling, which the computer took account
of when assigning values.
This brings us to the Search Value column. In examining 456 names the
(23) The random sample contains 499 passages. Its mean is twenty-seven words, and it
has a fifteen-word minimum and a fifty-word maximum. It includes 885 verses, ninety-
eight percent of which come from two-verse passages. (The benediction has three short
verses.) The random sample’s search program selects the best ratio of spellings to
opportunities within passages. The result is that the average lengths of the higher s/o ratios
are close to fifteen words, which is the number of words in the Priestly Benediction. The
program’s minimum for determining opportunities is fifteen words.