Joel White, «Anti-Imperial Subtexts in Paul: An Attempt at Building a Firmer Foundation», Vol. 90 (2009) 305-333
This article argues that, though it cannot be doubted that there is a subversive quality to Paul’s letters, attempts to identify subversive subtexts have failed due to their preoccupation with what is deemed inherently subversive vocabulary. A better approach to grounding Paul’s anti-imperial theology is to recognize that he affirmed the subversive late Second temple Jewish-apocalyptic, and particularly Danielic, narrative that viewed Rome as final earthly kingdom that will be destroyed by the coming of God’s kingdom.
326 Joel White
New Testament theology have been or are being reexamined as a
result. The current interest in Paul’s political theology owes its
impetus, at least in part, to these developments, and it is most certainly
to be welcomed. It has not, however, always been appreciated that
these concepts directly and profoundly influenced Paul’s own
eschatology (63). In fact, the latter shows evidence of several points of
contact with Daniel’s historical narrative. These are outlined below.
1. Paul’s “Kingdom†Language in 1 Cor 15,24-28
While most of Paul’s references to the “kingdom of God†or the
“kingdom of Christ†are too fleeting to allow for a sustained traditions-
geschichtliche analysis (64) Paul’s use of the concept in 1 Cor 15,24-28
has been subject of fruitful study in this regard. Almost all scholars
recognize that Paul is drawing on Jewish apocalyptic traditions here.
Conzelmann traces Paul’s notion “daß der Weltlauf einem
vorbestimmten Plan folgt†to the Apocalypse of Weeks (1 En. 91-93)
and Sib. Or. 4:47-91 (65), but it is, I believe, possible to trace these
apocalyptic roots further back. Raymond Collins perceptively notes the
presence of four apocalyptic motifs in 1 Cor 15,20-28: “the predetermi-
ned order, the presence of evil powers, the end time confrontation,
[and] the victory of God’s designated agent†(66). It is readily apparent
that all four are integral components of Daniel’s four kingdom scheme.
Further, although the heart of Paul’s argument here involves a
gezerah shawah interpretation of Ps 8,7 and Ps 110,1, certain
(63) Cf. e.g. N.T. WRIGHT, Paul. In Fresh Perspective (Minneapolis, MN 2005)
53, who claims that Paul “eschewed†Daniel’s four kingdom scheme. This is a
judgment based on an argument from silence, and a rather heavy-handed one at
that, from someone usually quite attuned to myriad OT “echoesâ€, some of which
are arguably much fainter.
(64) The term basileia occurs in conjunction with the subjective genitive qeou/
v
in Rom 14,17; 1 Cor 4,20; 6,9; 15,50; Gal 5,21; Eph 5,5; Col 4,11; 1 Thess 2,12
(here eJautou' with reference to God), and 2 Thess 1,5; twice in conjunction with
the subjective genitive Cristou' in Eph 5,5 or uJiou' in Col 1,13, and twice with the
subjective genitive auvtou' where the reference is ambiguous and may refer either
to God or Christ in 2 Tim 4,1.18. The use of basileia without any modification by
'
a subjective genitive in 1 Cor 15,24 is unique within the Pauline corpus. For our
purposes, it is unnecessary to decide which of these references should be
considered truly Pauline.
(65) H. CONZELMANN, Der erste Brief an die Korinther (KEK 5; Göttingen
1981) 329.
(66) R.F. COLLINS, First Corinthians (SacPag 7; Collegeville, PA 1999) 549.