Joel White, «Anti-Imperial Subtexts in Paul: An Attempt at Building a Firmer Foundation», Vol. 90 (2009) 305-333
This article argues that, though it cannot be doubted that there is a subversive quality to Paul’s letters, attempts to identify subversive subtexts have failed due to their preoccupation with what is deemed inherently subversive vocabulary. A better approach to grounding Paul’s anti-imperial theology is to recognize that he affirmed the subversive late Second temple Jewish-apocalyptic, and particularly Danielic, narrative that viewed Rome as final earthly kingdom that will be destroyed by the coming of God’s kingdom.
Anti-Imperial Subtexts in Paul 327
assumptions he makes are inexplicable on the basis of those texts
alone. I would argue that at least two of them are traceable exclusively
to Dan 7. One is the eternal subordination of the Son, which neither
Ps 8 nor Ps 110 demand, especially when they are read in such a
blatantly Christological manner. Indeed, they might more naturally be
taken to imply parity between the Father and the Son. It is, on the other
hand, comparatively easy to see how the idea of subordination could be
inferred from the approach of the one like the Son of Man to the throne
of the Ancient of Days in Dan 7,13. The other assumption Paul makes
might be termed, for want of a better word, the “transferability†of the
kingdom. This lies at the heart of what is going on in Dan 7. The
“everlasting kingdom†intriguingly changes hands a couple of times
within the narrative (from God to the Son of Man to the saints and
back), and it is not always easy to follow “whose†the kingdom is at
any given moment (Dan 7,14.21.27). Perhaps this accounts for the
(uncharacteristically Pauline) absolute use of basileiva of in 1 Cor
15,24 noted above (cf. n. 64). In any case, the theology 1 Corinthians
evokes this very dynamic: God’s reign is currently being challenged by
the rulers of this world (1 Cor 2,8), but the saints will reign with Christ
(1 Cor 4,8) until all authority and power have been subjugated to him
and the last enemy has been defeated (1 Cor 15,24-25), at which time
the Son will give over the kingdom to God (1 Cor 15,28).
2. Paul’s Expectation that the Saints will Judge the World
In 1 Cor 6,2, Paul rebukes the Corinthian Christians for suing each
other in Roman law courts. Using an a maiore ad minus rhetorical
strategy, he reminds them that they should be able to deal with such
conflicts within the church, since “the saints will judge the world†(oiJ
a{gioi to;n kovsmon krinou'sin). The way he introduces this assertion,
“don’t you know…†(oujk oi[date o{ti…) makes it clear that Paul
assumed the Corinthians would, in fact, be familiar with this tenant,
possibly because he had expounded on the subject during his one and a
half year sojourn in Corinth (67). Though there have been some
dissenting voices (68), the majority of scholars believe that Paul is
(67) This necessitates in itself, however, neither the view of CONZELMANN,
Korinther, 133, that the teaching was a “Lehrstück des urchristlichen Katechismusâ€,
nor that of S. KIM, “Jesus, Sayings ofâ€, DPL, 482, that the formula indicates
teachings of Jesus that Paul personally conveyed to the Corinthian church.
(68) Cf. A. C. THISELTON, The First Epistle to the Corinthians (NIGTC; Grand
Rapids, MI 2000) 425-427.