Peter Dubovský, «Why Did the Northern Kingdom Fall According to 2 Kings 15?», Vol. 95 (2014) 321-346
By applying various exegetical methodologies to 2 Kings 15, I have tried to identify the dynamics responsible for the fall of the Northern Kingdom, such as its instability, financial problems, tribal tensions, wrong international policy, etc. By analyzing some Assyrian documents it was shown that these dynamics were often in play during Assyrian invasions.
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WHY DID THE NORTHERN KINGDOM FALL? 329
dom tended to increase 19. Whereas the description of Shallum’s
conspiracy is very concise (9 words), Menahem’s revolt contains
more details (13 words) and lastly, the description of Pekah’s con-
spiracy is the longest description of a conspiracy we have in this
chapter (19 words). Giving more room to the description of each
following insurrection, the problems of Israel can be interpreted as
a growing surge of successive uprisings.
Finally, comparing the coups d’état of Shallum, Menahem and
Pekah with that of Hoshea, we can observe some differences. The
coup d’état of Hoshea is described in a very concise way similar
to that of Shallum. However, it displays some important differ-
ences. All revolts and conspiracies are inserted between introduc-
tory and concluding regnal résumés 20. These résumés set the outer
limits of the event-accounts and enable us to determine the length
of the narrative in terms of the number of words and types of motifs
used for describing the coups d’état. The coups d’état are inserted
into the reign of the king against whom the coup d’état was organ-
ized and not into the reign of the king who organized the coup d’é-
tat. The following table presents four cases from 2 Kings 15:
In the thirty-eighth year of King Azariah of Judah, Zechariah son of Jer-
oboam reigned over Israel in Samaria six months. He did what was evil
in the sight of the LORD, as his ancestors had done. He did not depart
from the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat, which he caused Israel to sin.
Shallum son of Jabesh conspired against him, and struck him
down in public and killed him, and reigned in place of him.
Now the rest of the deeds of Zechariah are written in the Book of the An-
nals of the Kings of Israel. (2 Kgs 15,8-11 NRS)
Shallum son of Jabesh began to reign in the thirty-ninth year of King
Uzziah of Judah; he reigned one month in Samaria.
Then Menahem son of Gadi came up from Tirzah and came to
Samaria; he struck down Shallum son of Jabesh in Samaria and
killed him; he reigned in place of him.
19
J.L. SKA, “Our Fathers Have Told Us”. Introduction to the Analysis of
Hebrew Narratives (SubBib 13, Roma 1990) 7-8. The notion of narrated and
narration time stems from German literary criticism, cf. G. MÜLLER, Erzählzeit
und erzählte Zeit. Morphologische Poetik. Gesammelte Aufsätze (Hrsg. E.
MÜLLER) (Darmstadt 1968) 268-269.
20
B.O. LONG, 2 Kings (FOTL 10; Grand Rapids, MI 1991) 172.