Shawn Zelig Aster, «Israelite Embassies to Assyria in the First Half of the Eighth Century», Vol. 97 (2016) 175-198
This article shows that the kingdom of Israel sent ambassadors on an annual basis to the Assyrian empire during much of the reign of Jeroboam II, and it explores the implications of these contacts for the interpretation of Isaiah 1–39 and Hosea. These diplomatic contacts are based on points Fales has raised regarding nimrud Wine List 4 (ND 6212), whose importance for biblical studies has hitherto not been recognized. The recipients of the wine rations in this list are to be identified as ambassadors of weaker kingdoms, among them Samaria, who visited Assyria to pay tribute.
182 SHAWn ZeLIG ASTeR
Calah) 22. There is a general dispute as to the latest possible date for the
texts in this corpus. kinnier Wilson dated many of these texts to the pe-
riod 791-779. Later, Dalley and Postgate suggested different readings
for some of the eponym dates in the tablets, and argued that some of
the tablets date to the period of Tiglath-Pileser III 23. Fales took issue
with this lowering of the dates, and noted that “the clearly legible
limmu-dates point indisputably to the early part of the 8th century” 24.
But notwithstanding this general dispute, the text which is central
to our discussion, nD 6212, published as nimrud Wine List (hence-
forth nWL) 4, can be clearly shown to date to the first third of the
eighth century. Four of the wine lists clearly mention “Samarians”
among their recipients, and nWL 4 is the most interesting because of its
date. Although the eponym in which it was written has not been pre-
served, several converging lines of evidence point clearly to its having
been composed in the period noted. kinnier Wilson noted the presence
in this text of wine recipients Ôilli-ißtar, Adad-uballiª, Mannu-k¥-Adad,
and Ninurta-muk¥n-n¥ßi. These recipients bear the same names as the
eponyms of the years 787, 785, 773, and 765, respectively. He argues
that “certainly the first three [i.e., the individuals whose names be-
came the eponyms of the years 787, 785, and 773] are likely to have
been identical with those mentioned” in this text. on these grounds,
he recommends dating this specific text to this span of years 25.
Since kinnier Wilson’s discussion, an important prosopographical
study has appeared which supports his conclusion. If Ôilli-ißtar, Adad-
uballiª and Mannu-k¥-Adad were high-ranking officials, they could
only have served together in the reign of Adad-nirari III. The Proso-
pography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (henceforth PNAE) cites the
following eighth-century individuals who bore these names:
Ôilli-ißtar: 1) eponym of the year 787 and governor of Arbail; 2)
official in Guzana in the reign of Adad-nirari III; 3) palace manager
in Calah in the reign of Adad-nirari III. These may be the same indi-
22
J. v. kInnIeR WILSon, The Nimrud Wine Lists. A Study of Men and
Administration at the Assyrian Capital in the eighth Century BC (London 1972);
S. DALLey – J.n. PoSTGATe, The Tablets from Fort Shalmaneser (Cuneiform Texts
from nimrud; London 1984).
23
kInnIeR WILSon, The Tablets from Fort Shalmaneser, 22.
24
F.M. FALeS, “A Fresh Look at the nimrud Wine Lists”, Drinking in Ancient
Societies. History and Culture of Drinks in the Ancient near east — Papers of a
Symposium Held in Rome May 17-19, 1990 (ed. L. MILAno) (Padova 1994) 361-380.
25
kInnIeR WILSon, The Nimrud Wine Lists, 2.