Shawn Zelig Aster, «Israelite Embassies to Assyria in the First Half of the Eighth Century», Vol. 97 (2016) 175-198
This article shows that the kingdom of Israel sent ambassadors on an annual basis to the Assyrian empire during much of the reign of Jeroboam II, and it explores the implications of these contacts for the interpretation of Isaiah 1–39 and Hosea. These diplomatic contacts are based on points Fales has raised regarding nimrud Wine List 4 (ND 6212), whose importance for biblical studies has hitherto not been recognized. The recipients of the wine rations in this list are to be identified as ambassadors of weaker kingdoms, among them Samaria, who visited Assyria to pay tribute.
184 SHAWn ZeLIG ASTeR
generally, we can posit that this text dates to the first third of the
eighth century, because a dating to the time of Tiglath-Pileser III is
incompatible with the other datable texts in the find-spot.
The text itself is of interest for our purposes chiefly because it de-
scribes allocations of wine, first to named officials, and then to a series
of groups named by their countries. Line r. 14 records an allocation
of a jug to the people of MuΔaΔir 29, line r. 15 records the allocation
of a jug to the “Samarians”, and line r. 16 records an allocation to
k[ur D]a?-ni-i ßa bit-a-nim, whom kinnier Wilson understands to be
people of the Biblical city of Dan 30.
Although not germane to the central argument, the identification
of the people in line r. 16 as those of the northern Israelite city of
Dan calls for comment. It seems fairly clear that this line refers to
the same group mentioned in nWL 18 (nD 10052), line 23, where
the text reads ku]r Dan-ni-ayu. kinnier Wilson notes that no ethnic group
with this name is known elsewhere in the cuneiform sources, and
he therefore understands Da-ni-i/Dan-ni-ayu as a reference to people
of the biblical city of Dan. This is supported by the mention of this
group in nWL 4 right after the mention of the Samaritans. However,
SAA XII, 86/ABL 372 is a report on the arrival of horses which lists
the city of Dana along with kullania as the place of origin of certain
horses 31. From the mention of the two sites together, it can be inferred
that they are near each other, and Parpola and Porter, therefore, locate
the city of Dana at modern ad-Dana, located northeast of Tell Tayinat,
ancient kullania/kunalua 32. While it is not possible to definitively
identify the Danites of nWL 18 and nWL 4 as either Israelite Dan
or ad-Dana near kullania/kunalua, serious questions are raised by
the former identification. It is unclear why a separate delegation of
Danites from northern Israel would have arrived in Assyria, unless
Dan was a separate political entity at that time, sending its own envoys
to Assyria separate from those of Samaria. In support of ad-Dana
near kullania/kunulua, we note the campaigns of Adad-nirari III in
29
The text reads mu-Δir-a-a. kinnier Wilson (The Nimrud Wine Lists, 133)
suggests this may be an error for Mu-Δur-a-a, understanding it to refer to egyptians
(The Nimrud Wine Lists, 93). Parpola reads Mu-<Δa>-Δir-a-a: S. PARPoLA, “Review
of kinnier Wilson, The Nimrud Wine Lists”, JSS 21 (1976) 165-174, here 167.
30
kInnIeR WILSon,The Nimrud Wine Lists, 93.
31
SAA XII refers to L. kATAJA and R. WHITInG, Grants, Decrees, and Gifts
of the Neo-Assyrian Period (State Archives of Assyria volume 12; Helsinki:
Helsinki, 1995).
32
PARPoLA – PoRTeR, The Helsinki Atlas of the Near East, map 2 grid C4.