Patrick A. Tiller, «Reflexive Pronouns in the New Testament», Vol. 14 (2001) 43-63
The purpose of this study is to answer two basic
questions concerning reflexive and reciprocal pronouns in the New
Testament: (1) What are the syntactic constraints on reflexives, that
determine when they may be used? (2) What are the semantic constraints
that determine when in fact they are used? In answering the first question
the author considers both reflexives and reciprocals and discuss the whole
NT; for the second, the author attempts to suggest answers for third
person reflexives and based only on the Pauline Epistles commonly
recognized as authentic.
Reflexive Pronouns in New Testament 47
But in both of these cases, it turns out that in fact although the verb is
truly passive, the object and agent of the action are the same.
In the following examples the trigger is the subject of the verb, but not
the agent of the action.
1 Cor 6:19 ouk ejste; eJautw'n.
j
not you-are of-yourselves.
You are not your own.
Heb 12:3 analogisasqe ga;r to;n
j v toiauvthn uJpomemenhkovta
consider for the (masc. acc.) such (fem. acc.) one-who-endured
(masc. acc.)
upo; tw'n aJmartwlw'n eij~ eJauto;n ajntilogivan.
J
by the sinners against himself hostility (fem. acc.).
For consider the one who endured such hostility by sinners
against himself. 10
In this last example the semantic agent of action upon the reflexive is
not the trigger of the reflexive. Rather the trigger is the surface structure
subject of the clause. We may therefore provisionally conclude that the
trigger of a reflexive pronoun must be the surface structure subject of the
clause regardless of the agent.
Reciprocal pronouns behave slightly differently. In most cases their
trigger is the subject of their clause. But in one case the trigger of the
reciprocal is the direct object of the clause in sentence initial position and
semantically the agent of the action reciprocated.
1 Thess 3:12 uma~ de; oJ kuvrio~ pleonavsai kai; perisseuvsai th'/ agaph
J` jv
you but the Lord cause-to-increase and cause-to-abound in-the
love
ei~ ajllhvlou~ kai; eij~ pavnta~ ...
j
for one-another and for all ...
But may the Lord cause you to increase and abound in love for
one another and for all.
This seems to suggest that being the agent may increase the capaci-
ty of a NP to trigger a reciprocal. In this context uJma`~ (‘you’) seems to
be fronted because it is mildly contrasted with hJmw'n (‘of us’) in the
preceding sentence. Paul has stated a wish for himself, and here he
states a wish for the Thessalonians. Therefore, the trigger is also the
topic of the sentence. Once, the genitive pronoun is the trigger of a
re c i p r o c a l .
10
This example might also be called an indirect reflexive. Again my later discussion
will show that this is not the case.