Aspect, Aktionsart, and Abduction: Future Tense in the New Testament 141 is a spatial category used to express distance or lack of proximity temporally, logically or contextually63. He argues that the Perfect form, as demonstrated to be a “discourse tense-form”64, overlaps with the Present Indicative, which itself is the dominant tense-form within discourse. As such, Campbell argues that the Perfect shares the imperfective aspect (like Present)65. The expanded remoteness category with more level of proximity is used to accommodate the expansion of aspect category. Campbell’s model looks like the following: Aspect Spatial Perfective Imperfective Heightened Perfect Proximity Proximity Present Remoteness Aorist Imperfect Heightened Pluperfect Remoteness Future Non-Spatial [+ future tense] To summarize the discussion so far, the following table describes the major views under different grouping: Number of Semantics of Tense- View Aktionsart Aspects Forms McKay 4 Aspect + Time? Aktionsart Porter 3 Aspect Aktionsart Fanning 2 Aspect + Time Procedural Character Grammatical Aspect Olsen 2 Lexical Aspect + Time Campbell 2 Aspect + Remoteness Aktionsart 63 However, he argues that the Future grammaticalizes future time. More on this in the next section. Campbell, Verbal Aspect, 14-16. 64 Campbell uses the term “discourse” to refer to direct, indirect and authorial discourse, Campbell, Verbal Aspect, 3-4, 12. 65 For detail, see Campbell, Verbal Aspect, 161-210.