Eve-Marie Becker, «Mk 1:1 and the Debate on a 'Markan Prologue'», Vol. 22 (2009) 91-106
On the basis of observations to the syntactical structure and the literary style of Mk 1:1-15 as well as to the literary genre of the Markan Gospel, this paper questions those concepts of subdividing Mk 1 according to which Mk 1:1-13/15 is classified as a 'Markan prologue'. It is argued instead, that already Mk 1:4 opens up the Gospel narration and that only Mk 1:1-3 has to be regarded as a literary unity: Mk 1:1-3, however, is in no case part of a 'Markan prologue' or a 'prologue' in itself. These verses are rather more to be understood as a prooemium to the overall prose-text of the Gospel narrative, consisting of a 'Buchüberschrift'/title (1:1) and an opening introductory close (1:2-3).
98 Eve-Marie Becker
at least until Mk 6:29 (cf. also 8:28; 11:27ff.)45. Accordingly, the ‘erzählte
Zeit’ in Mk 2:18-22 has to be dated within John’s imprisonment46. And
Mk 6:17-29 does not act as a “Nachinformation” or “Rückblende”47, as
scholars tend to claim. Both passages are, moreover, part of the con-
temporaneously narrated sequence of events (“Ereignisfolge”)48 that is
opened up in Mk 1:4.
(4) We should be aware that the concept of a ‘Markan prologue’ in
Mk 1:1-15 has significance for the overall interpretation of the Markan
Gospel either as a biographical or a historiographical piece of ancient
literature. If one defines Mk 1:1-15 as a specific literary unity in regard
to the rest of the Gospel story, it does act as a diptychal narrative in-
troduction, while the rest of the Gospel is purely concentrated on Jesus’
biography. Such a definition basically serves the idea of classifying the
Markan Gospel as a biographical writing.
However, if one sees already in Mk 1:4 the narrative beginning of the
Gospel story, as I suggest, Mk 1:4ff. indicates that the Markan Gospel
narrative is already from its beginning less interested in biography: It
rather starts with a story of events (‘Ereignisgeschichte’) that is prelimi-
nary to Jesus’ mission and somehow independent. Hence, this story is not
primarily focused on Jesus’ life but on the ‘beginning and the history of
the gospel’ (Mk 1:1): Accordingly, the Markan narration is rather histo-
riographical than biographical in nature.
There are some contemporary scholars like Joachim Gnilka49, Dieter
Lührmann50, and Adela Collins, who avoid using the concept of a ‘pro-
logue’: This hesitance shows that the term is not as certain and definite
among Markan scholars, as Pesch once has stated. Thus, Mk 1:1-15 (1:1-
13) can neither be defined as a literary unity nor as a so-called ‘Markan
prologue’. My thesis simply is to define Mk 1:1-3 as a prooemium and to
see already Mk 1:4 as the initial point of the Gospel’s ‘Ereignisgeschichte’.
45
I have indicated this earlier within a narrative disposition of the Markan Gospel: Cf.
E.-M. Becker, Das Markus-Evangelium im Rahmen antiker Historiographie (WUNT 194;
Tübingen 2006) 423:
1. Hauptteil: Johannes der Täufer und Jesus (1,1-6,29)
[1,1-3‚ Mk Proömium’]
1,4-14a Auftreten des Täufers
1,14b-6,13 Wirken Jesu in Galiläa
6,14-16 Johannes, Herodes und Jesus
6,17-29 Tod des Täufers
46
Cf. Becker, Markus-Evangelium, 227ff.
47
J. Gnilka, Das Evangelium nach Markus Bd.1 und 2 (EKK II/1; Neukirchen-Vluyn5
1998) 245; D. Lührmann, Das Markusevangelium (HNT 3; Tübingen 1987) 113.
48
Becker, Markus-Evangelium, 227.
49
Gnilka, Evangelium Bd. 1, 39 speaks of ’initium’ (1:1-15).
50
Lührmann, Markusevangelium, 31 speaks of „Der Beginn des Evangeliums“ (1:1-15).