19 The Pauline Key Words πνεῦμα and σάρξ and their Translation (1a) Καὶ τότε ἀποκαλυφθήσεται ὁ ἄνομος, ὃν ὁ κύριος [Ἰησοῦς] ἀνελεῖ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ (2 Thess 2,8) (1b) And then the lawless one will be revealed, whom the Lord Jesus will destroy with the breath of his mouth, annihilating him by the manifestation of his coming. (NRSV) In innumerable languages from different language families the mean- ing “breath” has been taken as the base for a range of metaphors with metaphysical associations. In Paul’s letters, πνεῦμα can most appropri- ately be conceived as a medium to transmit metaphysical information, and promises and guidelines concerning human life. We have called it “inspiration” (2). The origin of the πνεῦμα is generally explicit. In most cases it concerns the πνεῦμα θεοῦ “spirit of God” or πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ “spirit of Christ”. Together with ἅγιον πνεῦμα “holy spirit” they make up a range of very frequent expressions of which the meaning extension seems not to be clearly distinguishable. Even without any specification or determination πνεῦμα occurs in similar contexts. This was the reason to add the semantic specialization “Spirit or Divine inspiration” (3) to the diagram. Both meaning (2) and (3) are exemplified in the following example13: (2a) Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι, εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν. Εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει, οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῦ. (Rom 8,9) (2b) But you are not in the flesh; you are in the Spirit, since the Spirit of God dwells in you. Anyone who does not have the Spirit of Christ does not belong to him. (NRSV) The meaning “breath”, on the other hand, has produced in many lan- guages a metaphorical extension of the idea of an invisible power related to life that is, contrary to the πνεῦμα as “inspiration”, not operating from the outside, but is a part of the being itself, comparable to the English “breath of life”, “soul” or “spirit”. In Paul’s letters, a πνεῦμα is attributed Other passages where the meaning of πνεῦμα can be interpreted as meaning (2) are 13 Rom 1,4; 5,5; 7,14; 8,9, 11, 14, 15; 9,1; 11,8; 14,17; 15,13, 16; 1 Cor 2,12, 14; 3,16; 6,11,19; 7,40; 12,3, 4, 8-11, 13; 14,37; 15,44, 45, 46; 2 Cor 3,3, 17, 18; 4,13; 6,6; 12,18; 13,13; Gal 4,6; 5,17; Eph 1,13, 17; 2,18; 4,3, 30; 6,12; Phil 1,19, 27; 3,3; 1 Thess 1,5, 6; 4,8; 2 Tim 1,7, 14; Titus 3,5. Meaning (3) is found moreover in Rom 1,9, 11; 2,29; 7,6; 8,2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 16, 23, 26, 27; 12,11; 15,19, 27, 30; 1 Cor 2,4, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15; 3,1; 4,21; 5,3, 4, 5; 9,11; 10,3, 4; 12,1, 7, 8; 14,1, 2, 14, 15, 32; 16,18; 2 Cor 1,22; 2,13; 3,6, 8, 17; 5,5; 7,1, 13; Gal 3,2, 3, 14; 4,29; 5,16, 18, 22, 25; 6,1, 8, 18; Eph 1,3; 2,3, 22; 3,5, 16; 4,3, 23; 5,18, 19; 6,18; Phil 2,1; 4,23; Col 1,8, 9; 2,5; 3,16; 1 Thess 5,19, 23; 2 Thess 2,2, 13; 1 Tim 3,16; 4,1; 2 Tim 4.22; Phlm 1,25.