The Pauline Key Words πνεῦμα and σάρξ and their Translation 25 These terms do not refer to typologies, but rather to the two extremes of a continuum, a scale on which translations can be situated. Concordant translations prefer to preserve the formal cohesion of the source text by translating the same source term or expression by the same target term or expression. Interpretative translation, on the other hand, interprets the meaning of a term or expression according to its context and tries to represent that variable meaning in the most appropriate way in transla- tion. The degree of concordance is often high in older or consciously archaistic translations, while some younger translations adhere more closely to the opposite extreme. The following fragment illustrates the different attitudes towards the translation of σάρξ: (9a) Τὸ γὰρ ἀδύνατον τοῦ νόμου ἐν ᾧ ἠσθένει διὰ τῆς σαρκός, ὁ θεὸς τὸν ἑαυτοῦ υἱὸν πέμψας ἐν ὁμοιώματι σαρκὸς ἁμαρτίας καὶ περὶ ἁμαρτίας κατέκρινεν τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ἐν τῇ σαρκί, ἵνα τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ νόμου πληρωθῇ ἐν ἡμῖν τοῖς μὴ κατὰ σάρκα περιπατοῦσιν ἀλλὰ κατὰ πνεῦμα. Οἱ γὰρ κατὰ σάρκα ὄντες τὰ τῆς σαρκὸς φρονοῦσιν, οἱ δὲ κατὰ πνεῦμα τὰ τοῦ πνεύματος (Rom 8,3-5) (9b) For what the law could not do in that it was weak through the flesh, God did by sending His own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, on account of sin: He condemned sin in the flesh, that the righteous requirement of the law might be fulfilled in us who do not walk according to the flesh but according to the Spirit. For those who live according to the flesh set their minds on the things of the flesh, but those who live according to the Spirit, the things of the Spirit. (NKJ) (9c) What the Law could not do because of the weakness of human natu- re, God did, sending his own Son in the same human nature as any sinner to be a sacrifice for sin, and condemning sin in that human nature. This was so that the Law’s requirements might be fully satisfied in us as we direct our lives not by our natural inclinations but by the Spirit. Those who are living by their natural inclinations have their minds on the things human nature desires; those who live in the Spirit have their minds on spiritual things. (NJB) Obviously it is impossible to achieve either an entirely concordant or an intirely interpretative translation. Even in translations that can be situated closer to the extreme of the interpretative translation, such as the New Jerusalem Bible, there can be found strategies to preserve the concordance as much as possible. A typical phenomenon in this group mainly in terms of the source language culture, with only a side glance at the target language reader”. Although we will discuss translation on another level than Newmark did, we have considered this term appropriate for our purposes.